ÍNDICE NACIONAL DE CLASIFICACIÓN DE MINERALES
Source VerifiedMinerales y materias primas de Pakistán
Taxonomía técnica y verificada de minerales metálicos, minerales industriales, evaporitas de sal gema, piedra arquitectónica y gemas de Pakistán. Cada entrada está respaldada por ocurrencias geológicas constatadas, protocolos de ensayo acreditados y títulos mineros legales.
Last technical review: • Verified by Geólogo técnico principal y director del grupo de minerales
4
Categorías de recursos
6
Regiones mineras
28
Minerales verificados
28
Índice basado en evidencia
Contexto geológico representativo: Muestras minerales en bruto de Pakistán que muestran la cristalización natural previa al procesamiento industrial.
Estándar institucional de declaraciones
La presencia geológica no constituye inventario comercial en acopio. Todas las operaciones exigen análisis de laboratorio independiente y acreditación del título minero provincial.
TAXONOMÍA ESTRUCTURADA
Cuatro clasificaciones fundamentales de minerales y materiales
Explore los expedientes específicos con entornos geológicos, especificaciones de compra, tolerancias de impurezas y registros de producción verificados.
COMMODITIES METÁLICOS
8 registros con evidenciaRegistro de categoría
GRUPO 01 • MENAS Y CONCENTRADOS
Minerales metálicos
Yacimientos de cobre, cromita, mineral de hierro, plomo-zinc y manganeso en el arco de Chagai, Muslim Bagh, Bela y las ofiolitas del norte.
Minerales clave:
CobreCromitaMineral de hierroPlomo y zincManganeso
Arco magmático de Chagai y suturas ofiolíticas del Neotetis
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INDUSTRIALES Y NO METÁLICOS
10 registros con evidenciaRegistro de categoría
GRUPO 02 • MATERIALES NO METÁLICOS Y TÉCNICOS
Minerales industriales
Barita de perforación API, talco de alta blancura, yeso, magnesita, fluorita, roca fosfórica, arena de sílice y arcillas especiales.
Minerales clave:
Barita (perforación/química)Talco / esteatitaYesoMagnesitaFluorita
Cinturón de pliegues axial, Cordillera de la Sal y cinturones metamórficos del Bajo Himalaya
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SAL Y ROCA ORNAMENTAL
7 registros con evidenciaRegistro de categoría
GRUPO 03 • EVAPORITAS, MÁRMOLES Y ÁRIDOS
Sal, roca y materiales de construcción
Evaporitas antiguas de halita de la Cordillera de la Sal, mármoles arquitectónicos finos, ónix bandeado de Chagai, granitos y áridos de construcción de alta exigencia.
Minerales clave:
Sal gema (rosa/blanca)Mármol y ónixGranitoÁridos para construcción
Evaporitas de la Cordillera de la Sal y provincias metamórficas regionales
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GEMAS Y ESPECÍMENES
7 registros con evidenciaRegistro de categoría
GRUPO 04 • CRISTALES Y ESPECÍMENES GEMOLÓGICOS
Gemas y especímenes minerales
Esmeraldas renombradas de Swat, aguamarinas de Gilgit-Baltistán, topacio rosa imperial de Katlang, peridoto y especímenes pegmatíticos de procedencia verificada.
Minerales clave:
Esmeralda de SwatAguamarinaTopacio rosa de KatlangRubí / ZafiroEspecímenes de colección
Zona de sutura del Indo y campos pegmatíticos del Karakórum-Himalaya
Ver registroGUÍA DE NIVELES DE EVIDENCIA
Comprensión del sistema de evidencia minera
Enigma Earth cataloga cada presencia mineral mediante un código explícito. En cumplimiento de nuestras normas, la extracción pretérita o las piezas de colección nunca se equiparan a la producción comercial activa.
| Código | Definición oficial aprobada | Significado geológico | Límite legal de la afirmación |
|---|---|---|---|
| [P] | Evidencia de producción oficial | La sustancia cuenta con estadísticas de producción regulares verificadas por las direcciones provinciales de minería o empresas operadoras. | Comercialmente activo (sujeto a ensayos por lote) |
| [H] | Evidencia de extracción histórica | El yacimiento fue explotado en el pasado; la reactivación productiva requiere validar concesiones y reapertura técnica. | Histórico / En mantenimiento |
| [S] | Gema o espécimen recuperado | Pieza mineral de colección o gema artesanal; no refleja capacidad de abastecimiento industrial a gran escala. | Artesanal / Especímenes individuales |
| [A] | Mineral asociado / Muestra de investigación | Fase mineralógica vinculada al mineral principal o a pegmatitas; de interés científico o de museo. | No masivo / Científico y muestra |
| [O] | Objetivo de exploración / Ocurrencia | Afloramiento superficial o anomalía geoquímica que requiere campañas sistemáticas de sondeos diamantinos. | Objetivo exploratorio (Sin stock disponible) |
Gobernanza de Enigma Earth y límites de declaraciones operativas
Los indicios geológicos y las labores históricas no constituyen reservas comerciales cubicadas ni inventarios de entrega inmediata. Toda operación comercial exige análisis independientes (SGS, Alex Stewart) y títulos mineros vigentes.
Regla 22: Ocurrencia ≠ Producción comercial•Regla 24: Pieza de muestra ≠ Suministro industrial•Regla 27: Solo declaraciones respaldadas por evidencia
CONSULTAR EL DIRECTORIO
Explorar el directorio de minerales auditados por evidencia
Filtre las materias primas por categoría, provincia y código de evidencia. El registro en el directorio no implica existencias comerciales inmediatas.
Mostrando 32 de 32 registros evaluados por evidencia
Metallic MineralsCopper Ore & Concentrates
[P]Official Production EvidenceChalcopyrite (CuFeS2), Bornite (Cu5FeS4), Malachite (Cu2CO3(OH)2)
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Balochistan: Chagai Magmatic Arc (Saindak, Reko Diq belt)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: North Waziristan (Boye, Shinkai copper-bearing volcanics)
Parámetro objetivo de compra (Copper Content (Cu))
20.0% to 28.0% Cu in flotation concentrates; run-of-mine direct-shipping ore (DSO) 1.5% - 4.0% Cu where available
Commercial export of copper concentrates requires official clearance and title tracing. Commercial viability requires independent third-party assay (e.g. ALS, SGS, Alfred H Knight). Occurrence does not equal extraction or commercial grade. Major porphyry reserves (such as Reko Diq) are held under state-authorized consortium agreements and are not available for private trade.
Suministro comercial
Metallic MineralsChromite Ore (Metallurgical & Refractory)
[P]Official Production EvidenceChromite ((Fe,Mg)Cr2O4)
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Balochistan: Muslim Bagh, Khanozai, Bela, and Zhob ophiolite complexes
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Dargai (Malakand) and Kohistan ophiolitic sequences
Parámetro objetivo de compra (Chromium Oxide (Cr2O3) & Cr:Fe Ratio)
Typical Buyer Target (Metallurgical): 46.0% - 52.0% Cr2O3 (Cr:Fe typically 2.6:1 to 3.0:1); Medium/Refractory Grade: 38.0% - 44.0% Cr2O3 (Cr:Fe 2.2:1 - 2.6:1). Grade, Cr:Fe ratio, and low silica/phosphorus must be verified per lot.
Chromite metallurgical quality depends on Cr2O3 content, Cr:Fe ratio (typically 2.6:1 to 3.0:1 for metallurgical grade), and low silica/phosphorus, which must be verified per lot. Commercial viability requires independent third-party assay (e.g. ALS, SGS, Alfred H Knight). Occurrence does not equal extraction or commercial grade.
Suministro comercial
Metallic MineralsIron Ore (Magnetite & Sedimentary)
[P]Official Production EvidenceMagnetite (Fe3O4), Hematite (Fe2O3), Chamosite-Goethite (Oolitic)
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Balochistan: Chagai & Ras Koh (Pachinkoh, Chigendik skarn deposits); Dilband (sedimentary)
Punjab: Salt Range & Chichali / Kalabagh (oolitic sedimentary deposits)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Chitral (Dammer Nissar magnetite); Abbottabad (Langrial oolitic)
Parámetro objetivo de compra (Total Iron (Fe))
Chagai Skarn Magnetite: 56.0% - 62.0% Fe; Sedimentary Oolitic: 32.0% - 42.0% Fe (requires beneficiation)
Sedimentary deposits in Punjab and Dilband host substantial indicated tonnage but possess refractory metallogeny (high phosphorus and silica). They cannot be marketed as direct-charge blast furnace ore without dedicated beneficiation flowsheets.
Suministro comercial
Metallic MineralsLead Ore & Galena Concentrates
[H]Historical Extraction EvidenceGalena (PbS), Cerussite (PbCO3), Anglesite (PbSO4)
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Balochistan: Lasbela-Khuzdar Metallogenic Belt (Duddar, Gunga, Surmai)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Besham, Kohistan, and Chitral sulfide occurrences
Parámetro objetivo de compra (Lead (Pb) & Silver (Ag) Assay)
Flotation concentrate: 55.0% - 68.0% Pb; Direct-shipping ore (DSO): 35.0% - 48.0% Pb where available
Historical extraction at Duddar underground mine is held under specific corporate concessions. Sourcing requires official title tracing, concession documentation, and third-party laboratory verification. Occurrence does not equal extraction or commercial grade.
Sujeto a ensayo / Licencia
Metallic MineralsZinc Ore & Sphalerite Concentrates
[H]Historical Extraction EvidenceSphalerite ((Zn,Fe)S), Smithsonite (ZnCO3), Hemimorphite
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Balochistan: Lasbela-Khuzdar Belt (Duddar, Gunga, Surmai, Sekran)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Swat, Hazara, and Chitral polymetallic occurrences
Parámetro objetivo de compra (Zinc (Zn) & Iron (Fe) Content)
Flotation concentrate: 48.0% - 55.0% Zn; Crude ore / DSO: 25.0% - 38.0% Zn
Zinc deposits in the Lasbela-Khuzdar belt are subject to lease concession verifications and environmental compliance. No direct private spot supply is available without concession validation.
Sujeto a ensayo / Licencia
Metallic MineralsManganese Ore
[P]Official Production EvidencePyrolusite (MnO2), Psilomelane, Rhodochrosite (MnCO3)
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Balochistan: Lasbela (Bela Ophiolite Belt, Kharari Nai, Sanjro)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Kurram Agency and North Waziristan volcanic sequences
Parámetro objetivo de compra (Manganese (Mn) Content)
Metallurgical Grade: 38.0% - 46.0% Mn; Chemical/Battery Grade: > 48.0% Mn (high Mn:Fe ratio)
Manganese lenses in Bela and Kurram vary abruptly in thickness and grade. Shipments must be tested composite-lot by composite-lot rather than assumed homogeneous.
Suministro comercial
Metallic MineralsAntimony (Stibnite)
[O]Exploration / Occurrence ContextStibnite (Sb2S3)
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Balochistan: Qila Abdullah (Surkhab valley, Shekran)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Chitral (Krang, Partsan hydrothermal vein belts)
Parámetro objetivo de compra (Antimony (Sb) Content)
Hand-sorted crude ore: 45.0% - 58.0% Sb; Flotation concentrate: > 60.0% Sb
Exploration status only. No active commercial bulk production capacity currently operates. Field reports represent artisanal vein diggings and mineralized outcrops requiring systemic diamond drilling.
Sujeto a ensayo / Licencia
Metallic MineralsBauxite & Laterite (Alumina / Cement Feed)
[P]Official Production EvidenceGibbsite (Al(OH)3), Boehmite (AlO(OH)), Kaolinite, Hematite
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Punjab: Salt Range (Khushab, Kattha, Nilawahan unconformity horizon)
Azad Jammu & Kashmir: Kotli & Muzaffarabad (Palaeocene-Eocene unconformity zones)
Balochistan: Khuzdar and Ziarat (lateritic horizons)
Parámetro objetivo de compra (Alumina (Al2O3) and Silica (SiO2))
Refractory Grade: Al2O3 52.0% - 62.0%; Cement Grade: Al2O3 40.0% - 50.0%
Pakistani bauxites are predominantly diaspore-boehmite rich with elevated silica (kaolinite). They do not qualify for conventional low-temperature Bayer process alumina refining without intensive pre-desilication.
Suministro comercial
Industrial MineralsBarite (Barytes / BaSO4)
[P]Official Production EvidenceBarium Sulfate (BaSO4)
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Balochistan: Khuzdar (Gunga, Shekran, Monar Talar massive vein and bedded deposits)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Haripur and Kohistan hydrothermal vein systems
Parámetro objetivo de compra (Specific Gravity (SG) & BaSO4 Content)
Example Buyer Specification: Drilling Mud Grade typically requires Specific Gravity >= 4.20 g/cm3 (API 13A Section 7) or >= 4.10 g/cm3 (API Section 8); Chemical Grade: BaSO4 >= 95.0%. Lot-specific testing required.
Where an oilfield application requires an API specification (such as 4.20 or 4.10 g/cm3 specific gravity), the applicable parameters should be confirmed and demonstrated through suitable lot-specific testing. Khuzdar deposits maintain established commercial production with automated grinding mills; specific gravity and rheology must be verified per lot.
Suministro comercial
Industrial MineralsTalc / Soapstone (Steatite)
[P]Official Production EvidenceHydrated Magnesium Silicate (Mg3Si4O10(OH)2)
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Sherwan (Abbottabad), Safed Koh / Kurram, and Swat dolomitic belts
Parámetro objetivo de compra (Whiteness / Brightness (Y-Value) & Chemistry + Mineralogy)
Example Buyer Requirement (Cosmetic/Polymer): ISO Brightness >= 94.0%, Talc purity >= 96.0%; Technical Grade: Brightness 85.0% - 92.0%. Chemistry and mineralogy must be verified by lot.
Asbestos Testing Where Required: For applications where asbestos absence is required, representative material should be tested using an appropriate method and laboratory (e.g., XRD / TEM). Sherwan talc achieves high natural whiteness, but cosmetic and polymer suitability must be verified on a lot-by-lot basis.
Suministro comercial
Industrial MineralsGypsum & Anhydrite
[P]Official Production EvidenceCalcium Sulfate Dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O)
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Punjab: Salt Range (Khewra, Dandot, Daud Khel, Mianwali)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Kohat Plateau (Bahadur Khel, Karak bedded sequences)
Balochistan: Sulaiman Range (Barkhan, Kohlu, Spintangi formations)
Parámetro objetivo de compra (CaSO4·2H2O Purity)
High Grade Plaster/Industrial: >= 90.0% CaSO4·2H2O; Cement Grade: >= 80.0% - 85.0% CaSO4·2H2O
Gypsum reserves in Punjab and KP are massive and commercially active. The primary commercial variables are logistics distance, purity consistency, and chloride content.
Suministro comercial
Industrial Minerals
[P]Official Production EvidenceMagnesite (Raw & Calcined)
Magnesium Carbonate (MgCO3)
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Kumhar (Abbottabad district, Hazara crystalline magnesite deposit)
Balochistan: Muslim Bagh and Bela ophiolites (cryptocrystalline vein magnesite)
Parámetro objetivo de compra (Magnesium Oxide (MgO) Equivalent)
Raw Magnesite: MgO >= 45.0% (LOI ~50%); Dead-Burned Magnesite: MgO >= 90.0% - 94.0%
Kumhar is Pakistan's principal documented crystalline deposit with historical geological reserve estimates. Processing into dead-burned magnesite requires high-temperature rotary kilns (>1750°C), which dictates local beneficiation capacity.
Suministro comercial
Industrial MineralsFluorite (Fluorspar)
[P]Official Production EvidenceCalcium Fluoride (CaF2)
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Balochistan: Koh-i-Maran and Koh-i-Siah (Kalat district); Kharan and Chagai vein deposits
Parámetro objetivo de compra (Calcium Fluoride (CaF2))
Metallurgical Grade (Metspar): 70.0% - 85.0% CaF2; Acid Grade (Acidspar): >= 97.0% CaF2
Koh-i-Maran produces high-grade commercial metspar by manual sorting; production of acid-grade (>97% CaF2) requires froth flotation plants capable of separating calcite and silica gangue.
Suministro comercial
Industrial Minerals
[P]Official Production EvidencePhosphate Rock (Phosphorite)
Fluorapatite / Francolite (Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH))
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Hazara Phosphate Belt (Kakul, Lagarban, Dalola, Tarnawai)
Parámetro objetivo de compra (Phosphorus Pentoxide (P2O5))
Direct Run-of-Mine: 24.0% - 28.0% P2O5; Beneficiated Concentrate: 30.0% - 32.0% P2O5
Hazara phosphorites are silicious and dolomitic; commercial utilization in wet-process phosphoric acid requires careful blending or flotation beneficiation to keep MER within plant design tolerances.
Suministro comercial
Industrial MineralsSilica Sand (Industrial Quartz Sand)
[P]Official Production EvidenceSilicon Dioxide (SiO2)
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Punjab: Salt Range (Datta Formation sandstone: Kalabagh, Makarwal, Mianwali)
Sindh: Tharparkar and Dadu (unconsolidated silica sand dunes and Eocene beds)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Dera Ismail Khan (Pezu) and Mansehra hydrothermal quartz veins
Parámetro objetivo de compra (Silica (SiO2) & Iron Oxide (Fe2O3))
Float/Flint Glass Grade: SiO2 >= 99.2%, Fe2O3 <= 0.025%; Container Glass: SiO2 >= 98.5%, Fe2O3 <= 0.08%
Mianwali and Pezu silica sands provide established commercial production for domestic container glass; production of optical or solar cover glass requires high-intensity magnetic separation and acid washing.
Suministro comercial
Industrial MineralsDolomite (Refractory, Glass & Metallurgical Flux)
[P]Official Production EvidenceCalcium Magnesium Carbonate (CaMg(CO3)2)
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Punjab: Salt Range (Paikhel, Dandot, Nilawahan, Mianwali)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Nowshera, Abbottabad, and Haripur dolomitic formations
Balochistan: Kalat and Lasbela Jurassic carbonate belts
Parámetro objetivo de compra (Magnesium Oxide (MgO) & Calcium Oxide (CaO))
Refractory / Glass Grade: MgO >= 20.0% - 21.5%, CaO 30.0% - 31.5% (Theoretical pure: 21.8% MgO, 30.4% CaO)
High-purity refractory and glassmaker grades require low iron (Fe2O3 < 0.15%) and minimal acid-insoluble silica. Dolomitic limestone blends must be distinguished by precise XRF stoichiometry from true stoichiometric dolomite.
Suministro comercial
Industrial MineralsBentonite (Sodium-Activated & Calcium Montmorillonite)
[P]Official Production EvidenceMontmorillonite / Smectite ((Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2·nH2O)
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Punjab: Jhelum (Dina, Rohtas volcanogenic ash beds in Siwalik Group)
Azad Jammu & Kashmir: Mirpur and Bhimber (Siwalik bentonite horizons)
Sindh: Tharparkar (Nagar Parkar kaolin) and Khairpur / D.G. Khan (Fuller's earth)
Parámetro objetivo de compra (Swelling Index, Viscosity & Montmorillonite Purity)
API Drilling Grade: Suspension properties meeting API 13A (viscometer 600 rpm >= 30, filtrate volume <= 16.0 cm3); Swelling index >= 24 ml/2g
Most natural Pakistani bentonites are calcium-dominated smectites. Achieving API drilling specifications requires sodium activation (soda ash addition during pugging and aging).
Suministro comercial
Industrial MineralsKaolin (China Clay)
[P]Official Production EvidenceKaolinite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4)
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Sindh: Nagar Parkar (residual deposits on Proterozoic granitic basement)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Shah Dheri (Swat district, hydrothermal alteration of feldspathic rocks)
Parámetro objetivo de compra (Al2O3 Content & ISO Brightness)
Ceramic Grade: Al2O3 >= 34.0% - 37.0%, ISO Brightness >= 80.0%; Paper Coating Grade: Brightness >= 86.0%
Nagar Parkar kaolin requires wet beneficiation (hydrocyclone separation, magnetic separation, and bleaching) to remove silica quartz grit and iron staining before reaching paper-coating standards.
Suministro comercial
Salt, Stone & Construction MaterialsRock Salt (Himalayan Pink & White Halite)
[P]Official Production EvidenceSodium Chloride (NaCl)
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Punjab: Salt Range (Khewra, Warcha, Kalabagh, Jatta, Bahadur Khel)
Parámetro objetivo de compra (Sodium Chloride (NaCl) & Purity Certification)
Example Buyer Specification: Edible Gourmet Grade typically requires NaCl >= 98.5% - 99.2%; Industrial/De-icing Grade: NaCl >= 95.0% - 97.0%. Purity typically ranges 96–99% NaCl depending on seam and processing; individual lots must be tested for purity, moisture and insolubles.
Export of pink salt from Pakistan is governed by official GI (Geographical Indication) regulations. Rock salt purity typically ranges 96–99% NaCl depending on seam and processing; individual lots must be tested for purity, moisture and insolubles. Claims of health remedies or electromagnetic radiation neutralization are unscientific and strictly avoided.
Suministro comercial
Salt, Stone & Construction MaterialsMarble (Architectural Dimension Stone)
[P]Official Production EvidenceCalcite / Dolomite (CaCO3 / CaMg(CO3)2)
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Mohmand (White Marble), Nowshera (Pink/Ziarat Marble), Buner, Mardan
Balochistan: Lasbela, Khuzdar, Loralai, Ziarat
Azad Jammu & Kashmir: Muzaffarabad crystalline marble belt
Parámetro objetivo de compra (Compressive Strength, Water Absorption & Surface Finish)
Compressive Strength >= 75 - 120 MPa (ASTM C170); Modulus of Rupture >= 8.0 - 15.0 MPa (ASTM C99)
Modern diamond wire-saw extraction reduces micro-fracturing in dimension stone blocks compared to traditional blasting. Consignments require physical inspection and test validation.
Suministro comercial
Salt, Stone & Construction MaterialsOnyx (Banded Aragonite & Travertine)
[P]Official Production EvidenceBanded Aragonite / Calcite (CaCO3)
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Balochistan: Chagai District (Mashki Chah, Zeh, Padag, Taftan)
Parámetro objetivo de compra (Color Grading, Translucency & Soundness)
Dark Green, Medium Green, Light Green, Multi-Green, White Onyx; high optical translucency under backlighting
A trade or market name does not automatically prove geological origin. Translucency and green color saturation vary naturally across short quarry distances.
Suministro comercial
Salt, Stone & Construction Materials
[P]Official Production EvidenceGranite (Structural & Architectural)
Quartz-Feldspar-Biotite Plutonic Rock
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Mansehra (Himalayan Granites), Swat, Buner plutons
Sindh: Nagar Parkar (Proterozoic basement granite suite — subject to environmental restrictions)
Parámetro objetivo de compra (Compressive Strength & Abrasion Resistance)
Compressive Strength >= 130 - 180 MPa (ASTM C170); Flexural Strength >= 10.0 - 18.0 MPa (ASTM C880)
Environmental Safeguard: Nagar Parkar's Karunjhar Hills are subject to judicial and governmental quarrying prohibitions due to wildlife sanctuary and religious heritage protections. Enigma Earth does not source or trade granite originating from prohibited Karunjhar preservation zones.
Suministro comercial
Salt, Stone & Construction MaterialsLimestone (Industrial, Cement & Aggregate)
[P]Official Production EvidenceCalcium Carbonate (CaCO3)
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Punjab: Salt Range & Margalla Hills (Margalla Hill, Samana Suk, Sakesar formations)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Nowshera, Hattar, Kohat, and Nizampur quarry belts
Sindh: Thatta, Jamshoro, and Rohri Eocene marine limestone formations
Balochistan: Lasbela, Bolan, and Quetta Jurassic to Eocene carbonate platforms
Parámetro objetivo de compra (Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) & Magnesium Oxide (MgO))
Industrial / Chemical Grade: CaCO3 >= 95.0% - 98.0%; Cement Raw Meal: CaCO3 >= 80.0% - 88.0% (CaO >= 45.0% - 50.0%)
Limestone deposits in Pakistan are vast and commercially active nationwide. Material suitability depends strictly on the application: cement clinkers require stringent MgO limits (< 3.0%), industrial lime requires high CaCO3 (> 95%), and concrete aggregates demand low LA abrasion and zero alkali-silica reactivity (ASR).
Suministro comercial
Salt, Stone & Construction Materials
[P]Official Production EvidenceConstruction Aggregates, Sand & Gravel
Crushed Limestone, Quartzite, River Gravel & Sand
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Punjab: Margalla Hills (crushed limestone), Salt Range quarries, Chenab river sand
Sindh: Hub and Jamshoro gravel pits, Rohri crushed limestone
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Nowshera, Hattar, and Nizampur crushing complexes
Parámetro objetivo de compra (Los Angeles Abrasion & Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV))
Los Angeles Abrasion Loss <= 25.0% - 30.0% (ASTM C131); ACV <= 22.0%; Soundness Loss (Na2SO4) <= 12.0%
Aggregate supply is strictly localized by logistics economics. Long-distance transport is economically viable only for specialized railway ballast or high-specification offshore engineering projects.
Suministro comercial
Salt, Stone & Construction Materials
[P]Official Production EvidenceLake & Solar Marine Salt
Sodium Chloride (NaCl) & Brine Evaporite
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Sindh: Coastal salt pans (Korangi, Port Qasim, Siranda Lake, Tharparkar playas)
Parámetro objetivo de compra (NaCl Purity (Dry Basis))
Industrial Tanning Grade: NaCl >= 96.0% - 97.5%; Raw Solar Crystals: NaCl >= 94.0%
Marine solar salt is subject to seasonal weather variations. Monsoon rainfall halts solar crystallizer beds between July and September.
Suministro comercial
Gemstones & Mineral SpecimensSwat Emerald (Beryl: Be3Al2Si6O18:Cr)
[S]Recovered Gemstone / SpecimenBeryl colored by Chromium and Vanadium
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Swat Valley (Mingora, Shamozai, Gujjar Killi, Charbagh ophiolite suture)
Parámetro objetivo de compra (Color Saturation, Clarity & Treatment Verification)
Intense vivid green ('Swat Green') with high chromium luminescence; untreated (no oil / minor cedarwood oil only)
Mining in the Mingora emerald belt is strictly managed by provincial concession authorities and authorized auctions. Unauthorized private claims or guaranteed parcel yields are fraudulent.
Suministro comercial
Gemstones & Mineral SpecimensAquamarine & Heliodor (Pegmatitic Beryl)
[S]Recovered Gemstone / SpecimenBeryl colored by divalent/trivalent Iron (Fe2+/Fe3+)
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Gilgit-Baltistan: Shigar Valley (Dassu, Nyet, Bulechi), Haramosh, Shengus, Nagar
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Chitral (Lutkho, Garam Chashma pegmatites)
Parámetro objetivo de compra (Crystal Termination, Luster & Transparency)
Eye-clean to loupe-clean transparency; natural undamaged hexagonal pinacoid or pyramidal terminations
Pegmatitic pocket mining is highly seasonal (May to October due to high-altitude Himalayan winter freezes) and intrinsically unpredictable. Stock varies continuously based on recent artisanal pocket strikes.
Suministro comercial
Gemstones & Mineral SpecimensTopaz (Katlang Imperial Pink & Northern Sherry)
[S]Recovered Gemstone / SpecimenAl2SiO4(F,OH)2
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Katlang (Mardan district — rare hydrothermal natural pink topaz in calcite)
Gilgit-Baltistan: Dassu and Shigar (golden/sherry pegmatitic topaz), Shengus
Parámetro objetivo de compra (Natural Color Origin (Untreated) & Clarity)
Untreated natural pink / violet-pink (chromium-activated, non-irradiated); VS to VVS clarity
Katlang natural pink topaz is one of the rarest gem varieties on earth. Total annual recovery is minimal and artisanal. Any claims of large bulk commercial stock are false.
Suministro comercial
Gemstones & Mineral SpecimensRuby (Neelum Valley & Hunza Corundum)
[S]Recovered Gemstone / SpecimenAluminum Oxide (Al2O3:Cr / Al2O3:Fe,Ti)
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Azad Jammu & Kashmir: Neelum Valley (Nangimali, Chitta Katha marble belt)
Gilgit-Baltistan: Hunza Valley (Aliabad, Ganesh marble-hosted ruby and sapphire)
Parámetro objetivo de compra (Natural Color, Origin Verification & Treatment Status)
Naturally unheated (no thermal alteration, no lead-glass or flux filling)
Zero Commercial Active Production Disclaimer: Neelum Valley ruby operations are currently non-industrial with no active corporate mine concessions yielding continuous commercial supply. Claims of guaranteed continuous supply are prohibited.
Sujeto a ensayo / Licencia
Gemstones & Mineral Specimens
[S]Recovered Gemstone / SpecimenPeridot (Gem Olivine / Forsterite)
Magnesium Iron Silicate ((Mg,Fe)2SiO4)
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Kohistan (Spapat, Sapat Gali, Upper Jijal ultramafic complex)
Parámetro objetivo de compra (Size, Color Uniformity & Cleanliness)
Rich vibrant green with moderate iron saturation (Fo88-Fo92); eye-clean clarity
Sapat peridot deposits are located at extreme high altitudes (>4,200 m) with extraction limited strictly to 2 - 3 summer months by local artisanal miners.
Suministro comercial
Gemstones & Mineral Specimens
[S]Recovered Gemstone / SpecimenTourmaline, Garnet & Spinel Group
Complex Borosilicates, Orthosilicates & Oxides
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Gilgit-Baltistan: Stak Nala, Haramosh, Hunza (spinel), and Shigar (spessartine garnet)
Balochistan: Muslim Bagh (rare green demantoid garnet in serpentinite)
Parámetro objetivo de compra (Hue Saturation, Brilliance & Crystal Perfection)
Natural unheated gems; undamaged pyramidal or rhombohedral terminations on crystal specimens
Specimen recovery is artisanal and episodic. Enigma Earth qualifies individual parcels on hand; claims of industrial-scale recurring supply are technically unfounded.
Suministro comercial
Gemstones & Mineral Specimens
[A]Associated / Research OccurrenceSpecialist Mineral Specimens (Rare Pegmatites)
Pollucite, Columbite-Tantalite, Cassiterite, Beryllonite, Väyrynenite, Brookite
Cinturones provinciales verificados:
Gilgit-Baltistan: Shengus, Shigar, Nyet, Roundu rare-element pegmatite fields
Balochistan: Kharan and Ziarat (brookite on quartz crystal specimens)
Parámetro objetivo de compra (Crystallographic Perfection, Scarcity & Aesthetic Presentation)
Complete, pristine crystal morphology on original host rock matrix; zero repair or glue reconstruction (or fully disclosed conservation)
CRITICAL GOVERNANCE NOTICE: Rare minerals such as pollucite (cesium ore) or columbite-tantalite recovered in Northern Pakistan occur as localized pegmatite crystals and specimen samples. They do NOT constitute commercial mining production of critical battery or tech metals in Pakistan.
Sujeto a ensayo / Licencia
CONTEXTO GEOLÓGICO REGIONAL
Distribución mineral regional en cinturones provinciales
Las concesiones mineras en Pakistán se administran bajo las leyes provinciales de minería. Conozca la geología estructural, las normas catastrales y los corredores de transporte.
Baluchistán
Arco magmático de Chagai y ofiolita de Muslim Bagh
Minerales principales: Cobre, cromita, mineral de hierro, barita, fluorita
Jaiber Pastunjuá
Sutura del Indo y cinturones metamórficos del Bajo Himalaya
Minerales principales: Mármol, esmeralda, talco, magnesita, fosfato
Gilgit-Baltistán
Complejo del Karakórum y campos pegmatíticos zonados
Minerales principales: Aguamarina, topacio, turmalina, corindón
Punyab
Evaporitas de la Cordillera de la Sal y cuencas clásticas
Minerales principales: Sal gema, yeso, arena de sílice, bentonita
Sind
Cuenca sedimentaria del Indo y basamento de Nagar Parkar
Minerales principales: Caolín, sal de lago, celestina, áridos
Azad Jammu y Cachemira
Horizontes carbonatados metamórficos y cinturones sintaxiales
Minerales principales: Mármol, bentonita, bauxita, corindón histórico
SERVICIOS TÉCNICOS ESPECIALIZADOS
Servicios técnicos e integración de la cadena de suministro
Enigma Earth une las ocurrencias geológicas con las especificaciones del comercio internacional mediante servicios acreditados.
01
Exploración minera y sondeos con corona de diamante
Sondeos diamantinos continuos, muestreo geoquímico sistemático y modelización de reservas 3D bajo estándares JORC/NI 43-101.
Servicios de exploración02
Comercialización de minerales y control de calidad
Muestreo compuesto independiente, análisis de laboratorio acreditados (SGS / Alex Stewart), pruebas de humedad transportable (TML) y despacho de exportación.
Comercio y exportación03
Catastro minero y diligencia debida
Verificación de concesiones en la Dirección General de Minas (DGMM), detección de litigios de títulos y auditorías normativas.
Consultoría en concesionesASESORÍA TÉCNICA Y SUMINISTRO CERTIFICADO
Inicie una consulta técnica de suministro o estudio geológico
Enigma Earth brinda a compradores corporativos, operadores e inversores informes técnicos certificados, ensayos de laboratorio e integración logística en Pakistán.
Gobernanza Regla 27: Toda solicitud se evalúa estrictamente a partir de certificados de análisis de laboratorio, registros de pesaje y títulos mineros oficiales.
Information source: Servicio Geológico de Pakistán (GSP), registros de la DGMM provincial y estándares de auditoría técnica de Enigma Earth• Last reviewed 18 de septiembre de 2026