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NATIONALE MINERAALCLASSIFICATIE-INDEX
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Mineralen en grondstoffen van Pakistan

Een op bewijs gebaseerde technische taxonomie van de metaalertsen, industriële mineralen, steenzoutevaporieten, bouwstenen en edelsteenmonsters van Pakistan. Elk item is gedocumenteerd op basis van geverifieerde geologische voorkomens, geaccrediteerde analyseprotocollen en officiële concessietitels.

Last technical review:
4
Grondstoffencategorieën
6
Mijnbouwregio's
28
Geverifieerde mineralen
28
Op bewijs gebaseerde index
Geologische monsters uit Pakistan: chalcopyriet, chromiet, haliet, bariet en smaragd
Representatieve geologische context: Ruwe mineraalmonsters en ertskristallen uit Pakistan vóór industriële verwerking.
Institutionele verklaringsstandaard

Een geologisch voorkomen vormt geen kant-en-klare commerciële voorraad. Elke transactie vereist onafhankelijke laboratoriumanalyses en verificatie van de provinciale mijnconcessie.

GESTRUCTUREERDE TAXONOMIE

Vier kernclassificaties voor mineralen en materialen

Verken gedetailleerde grondstoffendossiers met geologische formaties, technische specificaties voor industriële afnemers, zuiverheidstoleranties en gecertificeerde productiecijfers.

Metallic mineral ores and concentrates from Pakistan including chalcopyrite and chromite
METALLISCHE COMMODITIES
8 geverifieerde dossiersCategorieregister
GROEP 01 • ERTSEN EN CONCENTRATEN

Metaalmineralen

Afzettingen van koper, chromiet, ijzererts, lood-zink en mangaan in de Chagai-magmaboog, Muslim Bagh, Bela en de noordelijke ofiolietgordels.

Belangrijkste mineralen:
KoperChromietIJzerertsLood & ZinkMangaan
Chagai-magmaboog en Neotethys-ofioliethechtzones
Register verkennen
High-grade industrial minerals including white barite, cosmetic talc, and gypsum
INDUSTRIEEL & NIET-METAAL
10 geverifieerde dossiersCategorieregister
GROEP 02 • NIET-METALLISCHE EN TECHNISCHE MATERIALEN

Industriële mineralen

API-boorbariet, hoogwit talk, gips, magnesiet, vloeispaat, fosfaatgesteente, kwartszand en speciale kleisoorten.

Belangrijkste mineralen:
Bariet (boren / chemie)Talk / speksteenGipsMagnesietVloeispaat
Axiale plooigordel, Salt Range en metamorfe zones van de Lagere Himalaya
Register verkennen
Polished dimension stones, onyx, and pink rock salt crystals from Pakistan
ZOUT & NATUURSTEEN
7 geverifieerde dossiersCategorieregister
GROEP 03 • EVAPORIETEN, MARMER EN BOUWMATERIALEN

Zout, steen en bouwmaterialen

Oeroude halietevaporieten van de Salt Range, hoogwaardig architectonisch marmer, Chagai-bandonyx, graniet en hoogwaardige bouwaggregaten.

Belangrijkste mineralen:
Steenzout (roze/wit)Marmer & onyxGranietBouwgranulaten
Evaporieten van de Salt Range en regionale metamorfe steenprovincies
Register verkennen
Gemstone crystals on natural matrix including Swat emerald and Shigar aquamarine
EDELSTENEN & MONSTERS
7 geverifieerde dossiersCategorieregister
GROEP 04 • KRISTALLEN EN GEMMOLOGISCHE MONSTERS

Edelstenen en mineraalmonsters

Geroemde Swat-smaragden, Gilgit-Baltistan-aquamarijnen, keizerlijke roze topaas uit Katlang, peridoot en zeldzame pegmatietkristallen met traceerbare herkomst.

Belangrijkste mineralen:
Swat-smaragdAquamarijnKatlang roze topaasRobijn / SaffierVerzamelaarsexemplaren
Indus-hechtzone en Karakoram-Himalaya-pegmatietvelden
Register verkennen
LEIDRAAD BEWIJSNIVEAUS

Het bewijssysteem voor mineralen begrijpen

Enigma Earth deelt elk mineraal voorkomen in volgens een expliciete bewijscode. Conform onze kwaliteitsregels worden historische extracties of vondsten van losse exemplaren nooit gelijkgesteld aan actieve commerciële winning.

CodeGoedgekeurde classificatieBetekenis van het bewijsJuridische grens van de verklaring
[P]Officieel bewezen productieDe grondstof beschikt over geverifieerde productierapporten van provinciale mijnbouwdirecties of erkende exploitanten.Commercieel actief (onder voorbehoud van partijanalyse)
[H]Historisch extractiebewijsDe afzetting werd in het verleden ontgonnen; actuele productie vereist herbevestiging van de concessie en hervatting.Historisch / In onderhoud
[S]Gewonnen edelsteen of mineraalmonsterGewonnen mineraalexemplaar of kleinschalig kristal; vertegenwoordigt geen grootschalige industriële leveringscapaciteit.Ambachtelijk / Beperkt tot afzonderlijke monsters
[A]Geassocieerd mineraal / OnderzoeksmonsterMineralogische fase vastgesteld in associatie met het hoofderts of pegmatieten; wetenschappelijke of museale waarde.Niet-bulk / Onderzoeks- en museumwaarde
[O]Exploratiedoel / VoorkomenOppervlaktevoorkomen of geochemische anomalie die systematische kernboringen vereist.Exploratiedoel (Geen voorraad beschikbaar)

Enigma Earth governance en grenzen van operationele claims

Geologische voorkomens en historische mijnen vormen geen bewezen commerciële ertsvoorraden of direct leverbare voorraden. Volgens het beleid van Enigma Earth vereist elk handelsvoorstel geaccrediteerde laboratoriumanalyses (SGS, Alex Stewart) en geldige concessierechten.

Regel 22: Geologisch voorkomen ≠ Commerciële productie•Regel 24: Zeldzaam monster ≠ Bulklevering•Regel 27: Uitsluitend bewijsgestaafde verklaringen
DIRECTORY DOORZOEKEN

Het op bewijs gecontroleerde mineralenoverzicht verkennen

Filter mineralen op categorie, provincie en bewijsstatus. Een vermelding in de directory biedt geen garantie voor directe leverbaarheid uit voorraad.

Weergegeven: 32 van 32 op bewijs gecontroleerde mineraalvermeldingen
Metallic MineralsCopper Ore & Concentrates
[P]Official Production Evidence
Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), Bornite (Cu5FeS4), Malachite (Cu2CO3(OH)2)
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Balochistan: Chagai Magmatic Arc (Saindak, Reko Diq belt)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: North Waziristan (Boye, Shinkai copper-bearing volcanics)
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (Copper Content (Cu))
20.0% to 28.0% Cu in flotation concentrates; run-of-mine direct-shipping ore (DSO) 1.5% - 4.0% Cu where available
Commercial export of copper concentrates requires official clearance and title tracing. Commercial viability requires independent third-party assay (e.g. ALS, SGS, Alfred H Knight). Occurrence does not equal extraction or commercial grade. Major porphyry reserves (such as Reko Diq) are held under state-authorized consortium agreements and are not available for private trade.
Commerciële inkoop
[P]Official Production Evidence
Chromite ((Fe,Mg)Cr2O4)
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Balochistan: Muslim Bagh, Khanozai, Bela, and Zhob ophiolite complexes
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Dargai (Malakand) and Kohistan ophiolitic sequences
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (Chromium Oxide (Cr2O3) & Cr:Fe Ratio)
Typical Buyer Target (Metallurgical): 46.0% - 52.0% Cr2O3 (Cr:Fe typically 2.6:1 to 3.0:1); Medium/Refractory Grade: 38.0% - 44.0% Cr2O3 (Cr:Fe 2.2:1 - 2.6:1). Grade, Cr:Fe ratio, and low silica/phosphorus must be verified per lot.
Chromite metallurgical quality depends on Cr2O3 content, Cr:Fe ratio (typically 2.6:1 to 3.0:1 for metallurgical grade), and low silica/phosphorus, which must be verified per lot. Commercial viability requires independent third-party assay (e.g. ALS, SGS, Alfred H Knight). Occurrence does not equal extraction or commercial grade.
Commerciële inkoop
[P]Official Production Evidence
Magnetite (Fe3O4), Hematite (Fe2O3), Chamosite-Goethite (Oolitic)
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Balochistan: Chagai & Ras Koh (Pachinkoh, Chigendik skarn deposits); Dilband (sedimentary)
Punjab: Salt Range & Chichali / Kalabagh (oolitic sedimentary deposits)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Chitral (Dammer Nissar magnetite); Abbottabad (Langrial oolitic)
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (Total Iron (Fe))
Chagai Skarn Magnetite: 56.0% - 62.0% Fe; Sedimentary Oolitic: 32.0% - 42.0% Fe (requires beneficiation)
Sedimentary deposits in Punjab and Dilband host substantial indicated tonnage but possess refractory metallogeny (high phosphorus and silica). They cannot be marketed as direct-charge blast furnace ore without dedicated beneficiation flowsheets.
Commerciële inkoop
[H]Historical Extraction Evidence
Galena (PbS), Cerussite (PbCO3), Anglesite (PbSO4)
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Balochistan: Lasbela-Khuzdar Metallogenic Belt (Duddar, Gunga, Surmai)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Besham, Kohistan, and Chitral sulfide occurrences
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (Lead (Pb) & Silver (Ag) Assay)
Flotation concentrate: 55.0% - 68.0% Pb; Direct-shipping ore (DSO): 35.0% - 48.0% Pb where available
Historical extraction at Duddar underground mine is held under specific corporate concessions. Sourcing requires official title tracing, concession documentation, and third-party laboratory verification. Occurrence does not equal extraction or commercial grade.
Onder voorbehoud van analyse / Vergunning
[H]Historical Extraction Evidence
Sphalerite ((Zn,Fe)S), Smithsonite (ZnCO3), Hemimorphite
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Balochistan: Lasbela-Khuzdar Belt (Duddar, Gunga, Surmai, Sekran)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Swat, Hazara, and Chitral polymetallic occurrences
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (Zinc (Zn) & Iron (Fe) Content)
Flotation concentrate: 48.0% - 55.0% Zn; Crude ore / DSO: 25.0% - 38.0% Zn
Zinc deposits in the Lasbela-Khuzdar belt are subject to lease concession verifications and environmental compliance. No direct private spot supply is available without concession validation.
Onder voorbehoud van analyse / Vergunning
Metallic MineralsManganese Ore
[P]Official Production Evidence
Pyrolusite (MnO2), Psilomelane, Rhodochrosite (MnCO3)
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Balochistan: Lasbela (Bela Ophiolite Belt, Kharari Nai, Sanjro)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Kurram Agency and North Waziristan volcanic sequences
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (Manganese (Mn) Content)
Metallurgical Grade: 38.0% - 46.0% Mn; Chemical/Battery Grade: > 48.0% Mn (high Mn:Fe ratio)
Manganese lenses in Bela and Kurram vary abruptly in thickness and grade. Shipments must be tested composite-lot by composite-lot rather than assumed homogeneous.
Commerciële inkoop
Metallic MineralsAntimony (Stibnite)
[O]Exploration / Occurrence Context
Stibnite (Sb2S3)
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Balochistan: Qila Abdullah (Surkhab valley, Shekran)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Chitral (Krang, Partsan hydrothermal vein belts)
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (Antimony (Sb) Content)
Hand-sorted crude ore: 45.0% - 58.0% Sb; Flotation concentrate: > 60.0% Sb
Exploration status only. No active commercial bulk production capacity currently operates. Field reports represent artisanal vein diggings and mineralized outcrops requiring systemic diamond drilling.
Onder voorbehoud van analyse / Vergunning
[P]Official Production Evidence
Gibbsite (Al(OH)3), Boehmite (AlO(OH)), Kaolinite, Hematite
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Punjab: Salt Range (Khushab, Kattha, Nilawahan unconformity horizon)
Azad Jammu & Kashmir: Kotli & Muzaffarabad (Palaeocene-Eocene unconformity zones)
Balochistan: Khuzdar and Ziarat (lateritic horizons)
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (Alumina (Al2O3) and Silica (SiO2))
Refractory Grade: Al2O3 52.0% - 62.0%; Cement Grade: Al2O3 40.0% - 50.0%
Pakistani bauxites are predominantly diaspore-boehmite rich with elevated silica (kaolinite). They do not qualify for conventional low-temperature Bayer process alumina refining without intensive pre-desilication.
Commerciële inkoop
Industrial MineralsBarite (Barytes / BaSO4)
[P]Official Production Evidence
Barium Sulfate (BaSO4)
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Balochistan: Khuzdar (Gunga, Shekran, Monar Talar massive vein and bedded deposits)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Haripur and Kohistan hydrothermal vein systems
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (Specific Gravity (SG) & BaSO4 Content)
Example Buyer Specification: Drilling Mud Grade typically requires Specific Gravity >= 4.20 g/cm3 (API 13A Section 7) or >= 4.10 g/cm3 (API Section 8); Chemical Grade: BaSO4 >= 95.0%. Lot-specific testing required.
Where an oilfield application requires an API specification (such as 4.20 or 4.10 g/cm3 specific gravity), the applicable parameters should be confirmed and demonstrated through suitable lot-specific testing. Khuzdar deposits maintain established commercial production with automated grinding mills; specific gravity and rheology must be verified per lot.
Commerciële inkoop
Industrial MineralsTalc / Soapstone (Steatite)
[P]Official Production Evidence
Hydrated Magnesium Silicate (Mg3Si4O10(OH)2)
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Sherwan (Abbottabad), Safed Koh / Kurram, and Swat dolomitic belts
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (Whiteness / Brightness (Y-Value) & Chemistry + Mineralogy)
Example Buyer Requirement (Cosmetic/Polymer): ISO Brightness >= 94.0%, Talc purity >= 96.0%; Technical Grade: Brightness 85.0% - 92.0%. Chemistry and mineralogy must be verified by lot.
Asbestos Testing Where Required: For applications where asbestos absence is required, representative material should be tested using an appropriate method and laboratory (e.g., XRD / TEM). Sherwan talc achieves high natural whiteness, but cosmetic and polymer suitability must be verified on a lot-by-lot basis.
Commerciële inkoop
Industrial MineralsGypsum & Anhydrite
[P]Official Production Evidence
Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O)
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Punjab: Salt Range (Khewra, Dandot, Daud Khel, Mianwali)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Kohat Plateau (Bahadur Khel, Karak bedded sequences)
Balochistan: Sulaiman Range (Barkhan, Kohlu, Spintangi formations)
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (CaSO4·2H2O Purity)
High Grade Plaster/Industrial: >= 90.0% CaSO4·2H2O; Cement Grade: >= 80.0% - 85.0% CaSO4·2H2O
Gypsum reserves in Punjab and KP are massive and commercially active. The primary commercial variables are logistics distance, purity consistency, and chloride content.
Commerciële inkoop
Industrial Minerals

Magnesite (Raw & Calcined)

[P]Official Production Evidence
Magnesium Carbonate (MgCO3)
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Kumhar (Abbottabad district, Hazara crystalline magnesite deposit)
Balochistan: Muslim Bagh and Bela ophiolites (cryptocrystalline vein magnesite)
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (Magnesium Oxide (MgO) Equivalent)
Raw Magnesite: MgO >= 45.0% (LOI ~50%); Dead-Burned Magnesite: MgO >= 90.0% - 94.0%
Kumhar is Pakistan's principal documented crystalline deposit with historical geological reserve estimates. Processing into dead-burned magnesite requires high-temperature rotary kilns (>1750°C), which dictates local beneficiation capacity.
Commerciële inkoop
Industrial MineralsFluorite (Fluorspar)
[P]Official Production Evidence
Calcium Fluoride (CaF2)
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Balochistan: Koh-i-Maran and Koh-i-Siah (Kalat district); Kharan and Chagai vein deposits
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (Calcium Fluoride (CaF2))
Metallurgical Grade (Metspar): 70.0% - 85.0% CaF2; Acid Grade (Acidspar): >= 97.0% CaF2
Koh-i-Maran produces high-grade commercial metspar by manual sorting; production of acid-grade (>97% CaF2) requires froth flotation plants capable of separating calcite and silica gangue.
Commerciële inkoop
Industrial Minerals

Phosphate Rock (Phosphorite)

[P]Official Production Evidence
Fluorapatite / Francolite (Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH))
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Hazara Phosphate Belt (Kakul, Lagarban, Dalola, Tarnawai)
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (Phosphorus Pentoxide (P2O5))
Direct Run-of-Mine: 24.0% - 28.0% P2O5; Beneficiated Concentrate: 30.0% - 32.0% P2O5
Hazara phosphorites are silicious and dolomitic; commercial utilization in wet-process phosphoric acid requires careful blending or flotation beneficiation to keep MER within plant design tolerances.
Commerciële inkoop
[P]Official Production Evidence
Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Punjab: Salt Range (Datta Formation sandstone: Kalabagh, Makarwal, Mianwali)
Sindh: Tharparkar and Dadu (unconsolidated silica sand dunes and Eocene beds)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Dera Ismail Khan (Pezu) and Mansehra hydrothermal quartz veins
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (Silica (SiO2) & Iron Oxide (Fe2O3))
Float/Flint Glass Grade: SiO2 >= 99.2%, Fe2O3 <= 0.025%; Container Glass: SiO2 >= 98.5%, Fe2O3 <= 0.08%
Mianwali and Pezu silica sands provide established commercial production for domestic container glass; production of optical or solar cover glass requires high-intensity magnetic separation and acid washing.
Commerciële inkoop
[P]Official Production Evidence
Calcium Magnesium Carbonate (CaMg(CO3)2)
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Punjab: Salt Range (Paikhel, Dandot, Nilawahan, Mianwali)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Nowshera, Abbottabad, and Haripur dolomitic formations
Balochistan: Kalat and Lasbela Jurassic carbonate belts
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (Magnesium Oxide (MgO) & Calcium Oxide (CaO))
Refractory / Glass Grade: MgO >= 20.0% - 21.5%, CaO 30.0% - 31.5% (Theoretical pure: 21.8% MgO, 30.4% CaO)
High-purity refractory and glassmaker grades require low iron (Fe2O3 < 0.15%) and minimal acid-insoluble silica. Dolomitic limestone blends must be distinguished by precise XRF stoichiometry from true stoichiometric dolomite.
Commerciële inkoop
[P]Official Production Evidence
Montmorillonite / Smectite ((Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2·nH2O)
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Punjab: Jhelum (Dina, Rohtas volcanogenic ash beds in Siwalik Group)
Azad Jammu & Kashmir: Mirpur and Bhimber (Siwalik bentonite horizons)
Sindh: Tharparkar (Nagar Parkar kaolin) and Khairpur / D.G. Khan (Fuller's earth)
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (Swelling Index, Viscosity & Montmorillonite Purity)
API Drilling Grade: Suspension properties meeting API 13A (viscometer 600 rpm >= 30, filtrate volume <= 16.0 cm3); Swelling index >= 24 ml/2g
Most natural Pakistani bentonites are calcium-dominated smectites. Achieving API drilling specifications requires sodium activation (soda ash addition during pugging and aging).
Commerciële inkoop
Industrial MineralsKaolin (China Clay)
[P]Official Production Evidence
Kaolinite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4)
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Sindh: Nagar Parkar (residual deposits on Proterozoic granitic basement)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Shah Dheri (Swat district, hydrothermal alteration of feldspathic rocks)
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (Al2O3 Content & ISO Brightness)
Ceramic Grade: Al2O3 >= 34.0% - 37.0%, ISO Brightness >= 80.0%; Paper Coating Grade: Brightness >= 86.0%
Nagar Parkar kaolin requires wet beneficiation (hydrocyclone separation, magnetic separation, and bleaching) to remove silica quartz grit and iron staining before reaching paper-coating standards.
Commerciële inkoop
Salt, Stone & Construction MaterialsRock Salt (Himalayan Pink & White Halite)
[P]Official Production Evidence
Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Punjab: Salt Range (Khewra, Warcha, Kalabagh, Jatta, Bahadur Khel)
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (Sodium Chloride (NaCl) & Purity Certification)
Example Buyer Specification: Edible Gourmet Grade typically requires NaCl >= 98.5% - 99.2%; Industrial/De-icing Grade: NaCl >= 95.0% - 97.0%. Purity typically ranges 96–99% NaCl depending on seam and processing; individual lots must be tested for purity, moisture and insolubles.
Export of pink salt from Pakistan is governed by official GI (Geographical Indication) regulations. Rock salt purity typically ranges 96–99% NaCl depending on seam and processing; individual lots must be tested for purity, moisture and insolubles. Claims of health remedies or electromagnetic radiation neutralization are unscientific and strictly avoided.
Commerciële inkoop
Salt, Stone & Construction MaterialsMarble (Architectural Dimension Stone)
[P]Official Production Evidence
Calcite / Dolomite (CaCO3 / CaMg(CO3)2)
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Mohmand (White Marble), Nowshera (Pink/Ziarat Marble), Buner, Mardan
Balochistan: Lasbela, Khuzdar, Loralai, Ziarat
Azad Jammu & Kashmir: Muzaffarabad crystalline marble belt
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (Compressive Strength, Water Absorption & Surface Finish)
Compressive Strength >= 75 - 120 MPa (ASTM C170); Modulus of Rupture >= 8.0 - 15.0 MPa (ASTM C99)
Modern diamond wire-saw extraction reduces micro-fracturing in dimension stone blocks compared to traditional blasting. Consignments require physical inspection and test validation.
Commerciële inkoop
Salt, Stone & Construction MaterialsOnyx (Banded Aragonite & Travertine)
[P]Official Production Evidence
Banded Aragonite / Calcite (CaCO3)
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Balochistan: Chagai District (Mashki Chah, Zeh, Padag, Taftan)
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (Color Grading, Translucency & Soundness)
Dark Green, Medium Green, Light Green, Multi-Green, White Onyx; high optical translucency under backlighting
A trade or market name does not automatically prove geological origin. Translucency and green color saturation vary naturally across short quarry distances.
Commerciële inkoop
Salt, Stone & Construction Materials

Granite (Structural & Architectural)

[P]Official Production Evidence
Quartz-Feldspar-Biotite Plutonic Rock
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Mansehra (Himalayan Granites), Swat, Buner plutons
Sindh: Nagar Parkar (Proterozoic basement granite suite — subject to environmental restrictions)
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (Compressive Strength & Abrasion Resistance)
Compressive Strength >= 130 - 180 MPa (ASTM C170); Flexural Strength >= 10.0 - 18.0 MPa (ASTM C880)
Environmental Safeguard: Nagar Parkar's Karunjhar Hills are subject to judicial and governmental quarrying prohibitions due to wildlife sanctuary and religious heritage protections. Enigma Earth does not source or trade granite originating from prohibited Karunjhar preservation zones.
Commerciële inkoop
Salt, Stone & Construction MaterialsLimestone (Industrial, Cement & Aggregate)
[P]Official Production Evidence
Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Punjab: Salt Range & Margalla Hills (Margalla Hill, Samana Suk, Sakesar formations)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Nowshera, Hattar, Kohat, and Nizampur quarry belts
Sindh: Thatta, Jamshoro, and Rohri Eocene marine limestone formations
Balochistan: Lasbela, Bolan, and Quetta Jurassic to Eocene carbonate platforms
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) & Magnesium Oxide (MgO))
Industrial / Chemical Grade: CaCO3 >= 95.0% - 98.0%; Cement Raw Meal: CaCO3 >= 80.0% - 88.0% (CaO >= 45.0% - 50.0%)
Limestone deposits in Pakistan are vast and commercially active nationwide. Material suitability depends strictly on the application: cement clinkers require stringent MgO limits (< 3.0%), industrial lime requires high CaCO3 (> 95%), and concrete aggregates demand low LA abrasion and zero alkali-silica reactivity (ASR).
Commerciële inkoop
Salt, Stone & Construction Materials

Construction Aggregates, Sand & Gravel

[P]Official Production Evidence
Crushed Limestone, Quartzite, River Gravel & Sand
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Punjab: Margalla Hills (crushed limestone), Salt Range quarries, Chenab river sand
Sindh: Hub and Jamshoro gravel pits, Rohri crushed limestone
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Nowshera, Hattar, and Nizampur crushing complexes
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (Los Angeles Abrasion & Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV))
Los Angeles Abrasion Loss <= 25.0% - 30.0% (ASTM C131); ACV <= 22.0%; Soundness Loss (Na2SO4) <= 12.0%
Aggregate supply is strictly localized by logistics economics. Long-distance transport is economically viable only for specialized railway ballast or high-specification offshore engineering projects.
Commerciële inkoop
Salt, Stone & Construction Materials

Lake & Solar Marine Salt

[P]Official Production Evidence
Sodium Chloride (NaCl) & Brine Evaporite
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Sindh: Coastal salt pans (Korangi, Port Qasim, Siranda Lake, Tharparkar playas)
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (NaCl Purity (Dry Basis))
Industrial Tanning Grade: NaCl >= 96.0% - 97.5%; Raw Solar Crystals: NaCl >= 94.0%
Marine solar salt is subject to seasonal weather variations. Monsoon rainfall halts solar crystallizer beds between July and September.
Commerciële inkoop
Gemstones & Mineral SpecimensSwat Emerald (Beryl: Be3Al2Si6O18:Cr)
[S]Recovered Gemstone / Specimen
Beryl colored by Chromium and Vanadium
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Swat Valley (Mingora, Shamozai, Gujjar Killi, Charbagh ophiolite suture)
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (Color Saturation, Clarity & Treatment Verification)
Intense vivid green ('Swat Green') with high chromium luminescence; untreated (no oil / minor cedarwood oil only)
Mining in the Mingora emerald belt is strictly managed by provincial concession authorities and authorized auctions. Unauthorized private claims or guaranteed parcel yields are fraudulent.
Commerciële inkoop
Gemstones & Mineral SpecimensAquamarine & Heliodor (Pegmatitic Beryl)
[S]Recovered Gemstone / Specimen
Beryl colored by divalent/trivalent Iron (Fe2+/Fe3+)
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Gilgit-Baltistan: Shigar Valley (Dassu, Nyet, Bulechi), Haramosh, Shengus, Nagar
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Chitral (Lutkho, Garam Chashma pegmatites)
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (Crystal Termination, Luster & Transparency)
Eye-clean to loupe-clean transparency; natural undamaged hexagonal pinacoid or pyramidal terminations
Pegmatitic pocket mining is highly seasonal (May to October due to high-altitude Himalayan winter freezes) and intrinsically unpredictable. Stock varies continuously based on recent artisanal pocket strikes.
Commerciële inkoop
[S]Recovered Gemstone / Specimen
Al2SiO4(F,OH)2
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Katlang (Mardan district — rare hydrothermal natural pink topaz in calcite)
Gilgit-Baltistan: Dassu and Shigar (golden/sherry pegmatitic topaz), Shengus
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (Natural Color Origin (Untreated) & Clarity)
Untreated natural pink / violet-pink (chromium-activated, non-irradiated); VS to VVS clarity
Katlang natural pink topaz is one of the rarest gem varieties on earth. Total annual recovery is minimal and artisanal. Any claims of large bulk commercial stock are false.
Commerciële inkoop
Gemstones & Mineral SpecimensRuby (Neelum Valley & Hunza Corundum)
[S]Recovered Gemstone / Specimen
Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3:Cr / Al2O3:Fe,Ti)
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Azad Jammu & Kashmir: Neelum Valley (Nangimali, Chitta Katha marble belt)
Gilgit-Baltistan: Hunza Valley (Aliabad, Ganesh marble-hosted ruby and sapphire)
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (Natural Color, Origin Verification & Treatment Status)
Naturally unheated (no thermal alteration, no lead-glass or flux filling)
Zero Commercial Active Production Disclaimer: Neelum Valley ruby operations are currently non-industrial with no active corporate mine concessions yielding continuous commercial supply. Claims of guaranteed continuous supply are prohibited.
Onder voorbehoud van analyse / Vergunning
Gemstones & Mineral Specimens

Peridot (Gem Olivine / Forsterite)

[S]Recovered Gemstone / Specimen
Magnesium Iron Silicate ((Mg,Fe)2SiO4)
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Kohistan (Spapat, Sapat Gali, Upper Jijal ultramafic complex)
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (Size, Color Uniformity & Cleanliness)
Rich vibrant green with moderate iron saturation (Fo88-Fo92); eye-clean clarity
Sapat peridot deposits are located at extreme high altitudes (>4,200 m) with extraction limited strictly to 2 - 3 summer months by local artisanal miners.
Commerciële inkoop
Gemstones & Mineral Specimens

Tourmaline, Garnet & Spinel Group

[S]Recovered Gemstone / Specimen
Complex Borosilicates, Orthosilicates & Oxides
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Gilgit-Baltistan: Stak Nala, Haramosh, Hunza (spinel), and Shigar (spessartine garnet)
Balochistan: Muslim Bagh (rare green demantoid garnet in serpentinite)
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (Hue Saturation, Brilliance & Crystal Perfection)
Natural unheated gems; undamaged pyramidal or rhombohedral terminations on crystal specimens
Specimen recovery is artisanal and episodic. Enigma Earth qualifies individual parcels on hand; claims of industrial-scale recurring supply are technically unfounded.
Commerciële inkoop
Gemstones & Mineral Specimens

Specialist Mineral Specimens (Rare Pegmatites)

[A]Associated / Research Occurrence
Pollucite, Columbite-Tantalite, Cassiterite, Beryllonite, Väyrynenite, Brookite
Geverifieerde provinciale gordels:
Gilgit-Baltistan: Shengus, Shigar, Nyet, Roundu rare-element pegmatite fields
Balochistan: Kharan and Ziarat (brookite on quartz crystal specimens)
Voorbeeld-inkooprichtwaarde (Crystallographic Perfection, Scarcity & Aesthetic Presentation)
Complete, pristine crystal morphology on original host rock matrix; zero repair or glue reconstruction (or fully disclosed conservation)
CRITICAL GOVERNANCE NOTICE: Rare minerals such as pollucite (cesium ore) or columbite-tantalite recovered in Northern Pakistan occur as localized pegmatite crystals and specimen samples. They do NOT constitute commercial mining production of critical battery or tech metals in Pakistan.
Onder voorbehoud van analyse / Vergunning
RELEVANTE TECHNISCHE DIENSTEN

Technische diensten en integratie van de toeleveringsketen

Enigma Earth overbrugt de kloof tussen natuurlijke voorkomens in de grond en internationale handelsspecificaties via erkende technische diensten.

01

Minerale exploratie en diamantkernboringen

Systematische kernboringen, geochemische gridbemonstering en 3D-ertsmodellen conform JORC/NI 43-101-standaarden.

Exploratiediensten
02

Grondstoffenhandel en kwaliteitsanalyses

Onafhankelijke samengestelde monsternames, geaccrediteerde chemische analyses (SGS / Alex Stewart), TML-vochtmetingen en exportbegeleiding.

Handel & Export
03

Mijnkadaster en due diligence

Controle van concessies bij het directoraat-generaal van mijnen (DGMM), titelscreening en audits voor naleving van regelgeving.

Concessie-advies
TECHNISCH ADVIES EN GEAUDITEERDE INKOOP

Start een technische inkoopaanvraag of geologisch onderzoek

Enigma Earth ondersteunt institutionele kopers, mijnbouwbedrijven en investeerders met gecertificeerde rapporten, laboratoriumverificatie en logistieke inkoopbegeleiding in Pakistan.

Regel 27 Governance-verklaring: Alle aanvragen worden strikt beoordeeld op basis van originele analysebladen, weegbonnen en officiële eigendomscertificaten.

Information source: Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP), provinciale DGMM-registers en Enigma Earth technische auditstandaarden• Last reviewed 18 september 2026