INDICE NAZIONALE DI CLASSIFICAZIONE MINERARIA
Source VerifiedMinerali e materie prime del Pakistan
Tassonomia tecnica e rigorosamente verificata dei minerali metallici, minerali industriali, evaporiti di salgemma, pietre architettoniche e campioni di gemme del Pakistan. Ogni registrazione è documentata in base a formazioni geologiche accertate, protocolli analitici accreditati e concessioni minerarie legali.
Last technical review: • Verified by Geologo capo e responsabile del gruppo minerali
4
Categorie di materiali
6
Bacini minerari
28
Minerali verificati
28
Indice basato su evidenze
Contesto geologico rappresentativo: Campioni minerali grezzi del Pakistan che mostrano la cristallizzazione naturale prima della lavorazione industriale.
Standard istituzionale di dichiarazione
La presenza geologica non costituisce disponibilità immediata a magazzino. Tutte le transazioni richiedono certificati di laboratorio indipendenti e verifica dei titoli concessori.
TASSONOMIA STRUTTURATA
Quattro classificazioni fondamentali di minerali e materiali
Esplora i dossier tecnici dedicati con contesti geologici, specifiche tecniche per acquirenti industriali, tolleranze di impurità e statistiche di produzione verificate.
COMMODITY METALLIFERE
8 registri verificatiRegistro di categoria
GRUPPO 01 • MINERALI METALLIFERI E CONCENTRATI
Minerali metallici
Giacimenti di rame, cromite, ferro, piombo-zinco e manganese lungo l'arco magmatico di Chagai, Muslim Bagh, Bela e le ofioliti settentrionali.
Minerali principali:
RameCromiteMinerale di ferroPiombo e zincoManganese
Arco magmatico di Chagai e suture ofiolitiche neotetidee
Consulta il registro
INDUSTRIALI E NON METALLICI
10 registri verificatiRegistro di categoria
GRUPPO 02 • MATERIALI TECNICI E NON METALLICI
Minerali industriali
Barite per perforazioni API, talco ad alta brillantezza, gesso, magnesite, fluorite, fosforite, sabbia silicea e argille speciali.
Minerali principali:
Barite (perforazione / chimica)Talco / pietra ollareGessoMagnesiteFluorite
Cintura di pieghe assiale, Salt Range e cinture metamorfiche del Basso Himalaya
Consulta il registro
SALE E PIETRE DA TAGLIO
7 registri verificatiRegistro di categoria
GRUPPO 03 • EVAPORITI, MARMI E AGGREGATI
Sale, pietra e materiali da costruzione
Antiche evaporiti di salgemma della Salt Range, marmi architettonici pregiati, onice striato di Chagai, graniti e inerti per infrastrutture ad alte prestazioni.
Minerali principali:
Salgemma (rosa/bianco)Marmo e oniceGranitoInerti per l'edilizia
Evaporiti della Salt Range e province regionali di rocce metamorfiche
Consulta il registro
GEMME E CAMPIONI
7 registri verificatiRegistro di categoria
GRUPPO 04 • CRISTALLI E CAMPIONI GEMMOLOGICI
Pietre preziose e campioni mineralogici
Pregiati smeraldi dello Swat, acquamarine del Gilgit-Baltistan, topazio rosa imperiale di Katlang, peridoto e rari cristalli pegmatitici con provenienza tracciata.
Minerali principali:
Smeraldo dello SwatAcquamarinaTopazio rosa di KatlangRubino / ZaffiroCampioni rari
Zona di sutura dell'Indo e campi pegmatitici del Karakorum-Himalaya
Consulta il registroGUIDA AI LIVELLI DI EVIDENZA
Comprendere il sistema di evidenza mineraria
Enigma Earth classifica ogni occorrenza minerale in base a un codice formale chiaro. Ai sensi delle nostre regole di conformità, l'estrazione storica o il ritrovamento di campioni non vengono mai equiparati a una produzione commerciale attiva.
| Codice | Definizione ufficiale | Significato geologico | Limite legale della dichiarazione |
|---|---|---|---|
| [P] | Evidenza di produzione ufficiale | La risorsa possiede relazioni di produzione certificate rilasciate dalle direzioni minerarie provinciali o da operatori strutturati. | Commercialmente attivo (soggetto a prove di carico) |
| [H] | Evidenza di estrazione storica | Il giacimento è stato coltivato in passato; la ripresa richiede la verifica dei titoli e la riapertura tecnica. | Storico / In manutenzione |
| [S] | Gemma o campione mineralogico recuperato | Cristallo recuperato o gemma artigianale; non rappresenta capacità di fornitura industriale continua su larga scala. | Artigianale / Limitato a singoli esemplari |
| [A] | Minerale associato / Campione di ricerca | Fase mineralogica riscontrata in associazione al minerale principale o a pegmatiti; valore scientifico o museale. | Non massivo / Ricerca e campionatura |
| [O] | Obiettivo di esplorazione / Occorrenza | Affioramento superficiale o anomalia geochimica che richiede campagne sistematiche di carotaggio continuo. | Obiettivo esplorativo (Nessun lotto a magazzino) |
Governance di Enigma Earth e limiti delle dichiarazioni operative
Le presenze minerali e i siti minerari storici non costituiscono riserve commerciali provate né lotti pronti per la spedizione immediata. Secondo i protocolli di Enigma Earth, ogni accordo commerciale richiede analisi certificate (SGS, Alex Stewart) e concessioni minerarie legali.
Regola 22: Occorrenza ≠ Produzione commerciale•Regola 24: Campione raro ≠ Fornitura industriale di massa•Regola 27: Solo dichiarazioni supportate da evidenze
CONSULTA L'INDICE
Esplora l'indice dei minerali verificati mediante evidenze
Filtra le risorse minerarie per categoria, provincia e livello di evidenza. L'inclusione nell'indice non certifica la disponibilità immediata a magazzino.
Visualizzati 32 su 32 registri verificati con evidenze
Metallic MineralsCopper Ore & Concentrates
[P]Official Production EvidenceChalcopyrite (CuFeS2), Bornite (Cu5FeS4), Malachite (Cu2CO3(OH)2)
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Balochistan: Chagai Magmatic Arc (Saindak, Reko Diq belt)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: North Waziristan (Boye, Shinkai copper-bearing volcanics)
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (Copper Content (Cu))
20.0% to 28.0% Cu in flotation concentrates; run-of-mine direct-shipping ore (DSO) 1.5% - 4.0% Cu where available
Commercial export of copper concentrates requires official clearance and title tracing. Commercial viability requires independent third-party assay (e.g. ALS, SGS, Alfred H Knight). Occurrence does not equal extraction or commercial grade. Major porphyry reserves (such as Reko Diq) are held under state-authorized consortium agreements and are not available for private trade.
Fornitura commerciale
Metallic MineralsChromite Ore (Metallurgical & Refractory)
[P]Official Production EvidenceChromite ((Fe,Mg)Cr2O4)
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Balochistan: Muslim Bagh, Khanozai, Bela, and Zhob ophiolite complexes
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Dargai (Malakand) and Kohistan ophiolitic sequences
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (Chromium Oxide (Cr2O3) & Cr:Fe Ratio)
Typical Buyer Target (Metallurgical): 46.0% - 52.0% Cr2O3 (Cr:Fe typically 2.6:1 to 3.0:1); Medium/Refractory Grade: 38.0% - 44.0% Cr2O3 (Cr:Fe 2.2:1 - 2.6:1). Grade, Cr:Fe ratio, and low silica/phosphorus must be verified per lot.
Chromite metallurgical quality depends on Cr2O3 content, Cr:Fe ratio (typically 2.6:1 to 3.0:1 for metallurgical grade), and low silica/phosphorus, which must be verified per lot. Commercial viability requires independent third-party assay (e.g. ALS, SGS, Alfred H Knight). Occurrence does not equal extraction or commercial grade.
Fornitura commerciale
Metallic MineralsIron Ore (Magnetite & Sedimentary)
[P]Official Production EvidenceMagnetite (Fe3O4), Hematite (Fe2O3), Chamosite-Goethite (Oolitic)
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Balochistan: Chagai & Ras Koh (Pachinkoh, Chigendik skarn deposits); Dilband (sedimentary)
Punjab: Salt Range & Chichali / Kalabagh (oolitic sedimentary deposits)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Chitral (Dammer Nissar magnetite); Abbottabad (Langrial oolitic)
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (Total Iron (Fe))
Chagai Skarn Magnetite: 56.0% - 62.0% Fe; Sedimentary Oolitic: 32.0% - 42.0% Fe (requires beneficiation)
Sedimentary deposits in Punjab and Dilband host substantial indicated tonnage but possess refractory metallogeny (high phosphorus and silica). They cannot be marketed as direct-charge blast furnace ore without dedicated beneficiation flowsheets.
Fornitura commerciale
Metallic MineralsLead Ore & Galena Concentrates
[H]Historical Extraction EvidenceGalena (PbS), Cerussite (PbCO3), Anglesite (PbSO4)
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Balochistan: Lasbela-Khuzdar Metallogenic Belt (Duddar, Gunga, Surmai)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Besham, Kohistan, and Chitral sulfide occurrences
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (Lead (Pb) & Silver (Ag) Assay)
Flotation concentrate: 55.0% - 68.0% Pb; Direct-shipping ore (DSO): 35.0% - 48.0% Pb where available
Historical extraction at Duddar underground mine is held under specific corporate concessions. Sourcing requires official title tracing, concession documentation, and third-party laboratory verification. Occurrence does not equal extraction or commercial grade.
Soggetto ad analisi / Concessione
Metallic MineralsZinc Ore & Sphalerite Concentrates
[H]Historical Extraction EvidenceSphalerite ((Zn,Fe)S), Smithsonite (ZnCO3), Hemimorphite
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Balochistan: Lasbela-Khuzdar Belt (Duddar, Gunga, Surmai, Sekran)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Swat, Hazara, and Chitral polymetallic occurrences
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (Zinc (Zn) & Iron (Fe) Content)
Flotation concentrate: 48.0% - 55.0% Zn; Crude ore / DSO: 25.0% - 38.0% Zn
Zinc deposits in the Lasbela-Khuzdar belt are subject to lease concession verifications and environmental compliance. No direct private spot supply is available without concession validation.
Soggetto ad analisi / Concessione
Metallic MineralsManganese Ore
[P]Official Production EvidencePyrolusite (MnO2), Psilomelane, Rhodochrosite (MnCO3)
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Balochistan: Lasbela (Bela Ophiolite Belt, Kharari Nai, Sanjro)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Kurram Agency and North Waziristan volcanic sequences
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (Manganese (Mn) Content)
Metallurgical Grade: 38.0% - 46.0% Mn; Chemical/Battery Grade: > 48.0% Mn (high Mn:Fe ratio)
Manganese lenses in Bela and Kurram vary abruptly in thickness and grade. Shipments must be tested composite-lot by composite-lot rather than assumed homogeneous.
Fornitura commerciale
Metallic MineralsAntimony (Stibnite)
[O]Exploration / Occurrence ContextStibnite (Sb2S3)
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Balochistan: Qila Abdullah (Surkhab valley, Shekran)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Chitral (Krang, Partsan hydrothermal vein belts)
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (Antimony (Sb) Content)
Hand-sorted crude ore: 45.0% - 58.0% Sb; Flotation concentrate: > 60.0% Sb
Exploration status only. No active commercial bulk production capacity currently operates. Field reports represent artisanal vein diggings and mineralized outcrops requiring systemic diamond drilling.
Soggetto ad analisi / Concessione
Metallic MineralsBauxite & Laterite (Alumina / Cement Feed)
[P]Official Production EvidenceGibbsite (Al(OH)3), Boehmite (AlO(OH)), Kaolinite, Hematite
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Punjab: Salt Range (Khushab, Kattha, Nilawahan unconformity horizon)
Azad Jammu & Kashmir: Kotli & Muzaffarabad (Palaeocene-Eocene unconformity zones)
Balochistan: Khuzdar and Ziarat (lateritic horizons)
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (Alumina (Al2O3) and Silica (SiO2))
Refractory Grade: Al2O3 52.0% - 62.0%; Cement Grade: Al2O3 40.0% - 50.0%
Pakistani bauxites are predominantly diaspore-boehmite rich with elevated silica (kaolinite). They do not qualify for conventional low-temperature Bayer process alumina refining without intensive pre-desilication.
Fornitura commerciale
Industrial MineralsBarite (Barytes / BaSO4)
[P]Official Production EvidenceBarium Sulfate (BaSO4)
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Balochistan: Khuzdar (Gunga, Shekran, Monar Talar massive vein and bedded deposits)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Haripur and Kohistan hydrothermal vein systems
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (Specific Gravity (SG) & BaSO4 Content)
Example Buyer Specification: Drilling Mud Grade typically requires Specific Gravity >= 4.20 g/cm3 (API 13A Section 7) or >= 4.10 g/cm3 (API Section 8); Chemical Grade: BaSO4 >= 95.0%. Lot-specific testing required.
Where an oilfield application requires an API specification (such as 4.20 or 4.10 g/cm3 specific gravity), the applicable parameters should be confirmed and demonstrated through suitable lot-specific testing. Khuzdar deposits maintain established commercial production with automated grinding mills; specific gravity and rheology must be verified per lot.
Fornitura commerciale
Industrial MineralsTalc / Soapstone (Steatite)
[P]Official Production EvidenceHydrated Magnesium Silicate (Mg3Si4O10(OH)2)
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Sherwan (Abbottabad), Safed Koh / Kurram, and Swat dolomitic belts
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (Whiteness / Brightness (Y-Value) & Chemistry + Mineralogy)
Example Buyer Requirement (Cosmetic/Polymer): ISO Brightness >= 94.0%, Talc purity >= 96.0%; Technical Grade: Brightness 85.0% - 92.0%. Chemistry and mineralogy must be verified by lot.
Asbestos Testing Where Required: For applications where asbestos absence is required, representative material should be tested using an appropriate method and laboratory (e.g., XRD / TEM). Sherwan talc achieves high natural whiteness, but cosmetic and polymer suitability must be verified on a lot-by-lot basis.
Fornitura commerciale
Industrial MineralsGypsum & Anhydrite
[P]Official Production EvidenceCalcium Sulfate Dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O)
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Punjab: Salt Range (Khewra, Dandot, Daud Khel, Mianwali)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Kohat Plateau (Bahadur Khel, Karak bedded sequences)
Balochistan: Sulaiman Range (Barkhan, Kohlu, Spintangi formations)
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (CaSO4·2H2O Purity)
High Grade Plaster/Industrial: >= 90.0% CaSO4·2H2O; Cement Grade: >= 80.0% - 85.0% CaSO4·2H2O
Gypsum reserves in Punjab and KP are massive and commercially active. The primary commercial variables are logistics distance, purity consistency, and chloride content.
Fornitura commerciale
Industrial Minerals
[P]Official Production EvidenceMagnesite (Raw & Calcined)
Magnesium Carbonate (MgCO3)
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Kumhar (Abbottabad district, Hazara crystalline magnesite deposit)
Balochistan: Muslim Bagh and Bela ophiolites (cryptocrystalline vein magnesite)
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (Magnesium Oxide (MgO) Equivalent)
Raw Magnesite: MgO >= 45.0% (LOI ~50%); Dead-Burned Magnesite: MgO >= 90.0% - 94.0%
Kumhar is Pakistan's principal documented crystalline deposit with historical geological reserve estimates. Processing into dead-burned magnesite requires high-temperature rotary kilns (>1750°C), which dictates local beneficiation capacity.
Fornitura commerciale
Industrial MineralsFluorite (Fluorspar)
[P]Official Production EvidenceCalcium Fluoride (CaF2)
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Balochistan: Koh-i-Maran and Koh-i-Siah (Kalat district); Kharan and Chagai vein deposits
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (Calcium Fluoride (CaF2))
Metallurgical Grade (Metspar): 70.0% - 85.0% CaF2; Acid Grade (Acidspar): >= 97.0% CaF2
Koh-i-Maran produces high-grade commercial metspar by manual sorting; production of acid-grade (>97% CaF2) requires froth flotation plants capable of separating calcite and silica gangue.
Fornitura commerciale
Industrial Minerals
[P]Official Production EvidencePhosphate Rock (Phosphorite)
Fluorapatite / Francolite (Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH))
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Hazara Phosphate Belt (Kakul, Lagarban, Dalola, Tarnawai)
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (Phosphorus Pentoxide (P2O5))
Direct Run-of-Mine: 24.0% - 28.0% P2O5; Beneficiated Concentrate: 30.0% - 32.0% P2O5
Hazara phosphorites are silicious and dolomitic; commercial utilization in wet-process phosphoric acid requires careful blending or flotation beneficiation to keep MER within plant design tolerances.
Fornitura commerciale
Industrial MineralsSilica Sand (Industrial Quartz Sand)
[P]Official Production EvidenceSilicon Dioxide (SiO2)
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Punjab: Salt Range (Datta Formation sandstone: Kalabagh, Makarwal, Mianwali)
Sindh: Tharparkar and Dadu (unconsolidated silica sand dunes and Eocene beds)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Dera Ismail Khan (Pezu) and Mansehra hydrothermal quartz veins
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (Silica (SiO2) & Iron Oxide (Fe2O3))
Float/Flint Glass Grade: SiO2 >= 99.2%, Fe2O3 <= 0.025%; Container Glass: SiO2 >= 98.5%, Fe2O3 <= 0.08%
Mianwali and Pezu silica sands provide established commercial production for domestic container glass; production of optical or solar cover glass requires high-intensity magnetic separation and acid washing.
Fornitura commerciale
Industrial MineralsDolomite (Refractory, Glass & Metallurgical Flux)
[P]Official Production EvidenceCalcium Magnesium Carbonate (CaMg(CO3)2)
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Punjab: Salt Range (Paikhel, Dandot, Nilawahan, Mianwali)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Nowshera, Abbottabad, and Haripur dolomitic formations
Balochistan: Kalat and Lasbela Jurassic carbonate belts
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (Magnesium Oxide (MgO) & Calcium Oxide (CaO))
Refractory / Glass Grade: MgO >= 20.0% - 21.5%, CaO 30.0% - 31.5% (Theoretical pure: 21.8% MgO, 30.4% CaO)
High-purity refractory and glassmaker grades require low iron (Fe2O3 < 0.15%) and minimal acid-insoluble silica. Dolomitic limestone blends must be distinguished by precise XRF stoichiometry from true stoichiometric dolomite.
Fornitura commerciale
Industrial MineralsBentonite (Sodium-Activated & Calcium Montmorillonite)
[P]Official Production EvidenceMontmorillonite / Smectite ((Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2·nH2O)
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Punjab: Jhelum (Dina, Rohtas volcanogenic ash beds in Siwalik Group)
Azad Jammu & Kashmir: Mirpur and Bhimber (Siwalik bentonite horizons)
Sindh: Tharparkar (Nagar Parkar kaolin) and Khairpur / D.G. Khan (Fuller's earth)
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (Swelling Index, Viscosity & Montmorillonite Purity)
API Drilling Grade: Suspension properties meeting API 13A (viscometer 600 rpm >= 30, filtrate volume <= 16.0 cm3); Swelling index >= 24 ml/2g
Most natural Pakistani bentonites are calcium-dominated smectites. Achieving API drilling specifications requires sodium activation (soda ash addition during pugging and aging).
Fornitura commerciale
Industrial MineralsKaolin (China Clay)
[P]Official Production EvidenceKaolinite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4)
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Sindh: Nagar Parkar (residual deposits on Proterozoic granitic basement)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Shah Dheri (Swat district, hydrothermal alteration of feldspathic rocks)
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (Al2O3 Content & ISO Brightness)
Ceramic Grade: Al2O3 >= 34.0% - 37.0%, ISO Brightness >= 80.0%; Paper Coating Grade: Brightness >= 86.0%
Nagar Parkar kaolin requires wet beneficiation (hydrocyclone separation, magnetic separation, and bleaching) to remove silica quartz grit and iron staining before reaching paper-coating standards.
Fornitura commerciale
Salt, Stone & Construction MaterialsRock Salt (Himalayan Pink & White Halite)
[P]Official Production EvidenceSodium Chloride (NaCl)
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Punjab: Salt Range (Khewra, Warcha, Kalabagh, Jatta, Bahadur Khel)
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (Sodium Chloride (NaCl) & Purity Certification)
Example Buyer Specification: Edible Gourmet Grade typically requires NaCl >= 98.5% - 99.2%; Industrial/De-icing Grade: NaCl >= 95.0% - 97.0%. Purity typically ranges 96–99% NaCl depending on seam and processing; individual lots must be tested for purity, moisture and insolubles.
Export of pink salt from Pakistan is governed by official GI (Geographical Indication) regulations. Rock salt purity typically ranges 96–99% NaCl depending on seam and processing; individual lots must be tested for purity, moisture and insolubles. Claims of health remedies or electromagnetic radiation neutralization are unscientific and strictly avoided.
Fornitura commerciale
Salt, Stone & Construction MaterialsMarble (Architectural Dimension Stone)
[P]Official Production EvidenceCalcite / Dolomite (CaCO3 / CaMg(CO3)2)
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Mohmand (White Marble), Nowshera (Pink/Ziarat Marble), Buner, Mardan
Balochistan: Lasbela, Khuzdar, Loralai, Ziarat
Azad Jammu & Kashmir: Muzaffarabad crystalline marble belt
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (Compressive Strength, Water Absorption & Surface Finish)
Compressive Strength >= 75 - 120 MPa (ASTM C170); Modulus of Rupture >= 8.0 - 15.0 MPa (ASTM C99)
Modern diamond wire-saw extraction reduces micro-fracturing in dimension stone blocks compared to traditional blasting. Consignments require physical inspection and test validation.
Fornitura commerciale
Salt, Stone & Construction MaterialsOnyx (Banded Aragonite & Travertine)
[P]Official Production EvidenceBanded Aragonite / Calcite (CaCO3)
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Balochistan: Chagai District (Mashki Chah, Zeh, Padag, Taftan)
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (Color Grading, Translucency & Soundness)
Dark Green, Medium Green, Light Green, Multi-Green, White Onyx; high optical translucency under backlighting
A trade or market name does not automatically prove geological origin. Translucency and green color saturation vary naturally across short quarry distances.
Fornitura commerciale
Salt, Stone & Construction Materials
[P]Official Production EvidenceGranite (Structural & Architectural)
Quartz-Feldspar-Biotite Plutonic Rock
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Mansehra (Himalayan Granites), Swat, Buner plutons
Sindh: Nagar Parkar (Proterozoic basement granite suite — subject to environmental restrictions)
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (Compressive Strength & Abrasion Resistance)
Compressive Strength >= 130 - 180 MPa (ASTM C170); Flexural Strength >= 10.0 - 18.0 MPa (ASTM C880)
Environmental Safeguard: Nagar Parkar's Karunjhar Hills are subject to judicial and governmental quarrying prohibitions due to wildlife sanctuary and religious heritage protections. Enigma Earth does not source or trade granite originating from prohibited Karunjhar preservation zones.
Fornitura commerciale
Salt, Stone & Construction MaterialsLimestone (Industrial, Cement & Aggregate)
[P]Official Production EvidenceCalcium Carbonate (CaCO3)
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Punjab: Salt Range & Margalla Hills (Margalla Hill, Samana Suk, Sakesar formations)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Nowshera, Hattar, Kohat, and Nizampur quarry belts
Sindh: Thatta, Jamshoro, and Rohri Eocene marine limestone formations
Balochistan: Lasbela, Bolan, and Quetta Jurassic to Eocene carbonate platforms
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) & Magnesium Oxide (MgO))
Industrial / Chemical Grade: CaCO3 >= 95.0% - 98.0%; Cement Raw Meal: CaCO3 >= 80.0% - 88.0% (CaO >= 45.0% - 50.0%)
Limestone deposits in Pakistan are vast and commercially active nationwide. Material suitability depends strictly on the application: cement clinkers require stringent MgO limits (< 3.0%), industrial lime requires high CaCO3 (> 95%), and concrete aggregates demand low LA abrasion and zero alkali-silica reactivity (ASR).
Fornitura commerciale
Salt, Stone & Construction Materials
[P]Official Production EvidenceConstruction Aggregates, Sand & Gravel
Crushed Limestone, Quartzite, River Gravel & Sand
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Punjab: Margalla Hills (crushed limestone), Salt Range quarries, Chenab river sand
Sindh: Hub and Jamshoro gravel pits, Rohri crushed limestone
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Nowshera, Hattar, and Nizampur crushing complexes
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (Los Angeles Abrasion & Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV))
Los Angeles Abrasion Loss <= 25.0% - 30.0% (ASTM C131); ACV <= 22.0%; Soundness Loss (Na2SO4) <= 12.0%
Aggregate supply is strictly localized by logistics economics. Long-distance transport is economically viable only for specialized railway ballast or high-specification offshore engineering projects.
Fornitura commerciale
Salt, Stone & Construction Materials
[P]Official Production EvidenceLake & Solar Marine Salt
Sodium Chloride (NaCl) & Brine Evaporite
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Sindh: Coastal salt pans (Korangi, Port Qasim, Siranda Lake, Tharparkar playas)
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (NaCl Purity (Dry Basis))
Industrial Tanning Grade: NaCl >= 96.0% - 97.5%; Raw Solar Crystals: NaCl >= 94.0%
Marine solar salt is subject to seasonal weather variations. Monsoon rainfall halts solar crystallizer beds between July and September.
Fornitura commerciale
Gemstones & Mineral SpecimensSwat Emerald (Beryl: Be3Al2Si6O18:Cr)
[S]Recovered Gemstone / SpecimenBeryl colored by Chromium and Vanadium
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Swat Valley (Mingora, Shamozai, Gujjar Killi, Charbagh ophiolite suture)
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (Color Saturation, Clarity & Treatment Verification)
Intense vivid green ('Swat Green') with high chromium luminescence; untreated (no oil / minor cedarwood oil only)
Mining in the Mingora emerald belt is strictly managed by provincial concession authorities and authorized auctions. Unauthorized private claims or guaranteed parcel yields are fraudulent.
Fornitura commerciale
Gemstones & Mineral SpecimensAquamarine & Heliodor (Pegmatitic Beryl)
[S]Recovered Gemstone / SpecimenBeryl colored by divalent/trivalent Iron (Fe2+/Fe3+)
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Gilgit-Baltistan: Shigar Valley (Dassu, Nyet, Bulechi), Haramosh, Shengus, Nagar
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Chitral (Lutkho, Garam Chashma pegmatites)
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (Crystal Termination, Luster & Transparency)
Eye-clean to loupe-clean transparency; natural undamaged hexagonal pinacoid or pyramidal terminations
Pegmatitic pocket mining is highly seasonal (May to October due to high-altitude Himalayan winter freezes) and intrinsically unpredictable. Stock varies continuously based on recent artisanal pocket strikes.
Fornitura commerciale
Gemstones & Mineral SpecimensTopaz (Katlang Imperial Pink & Northern Sherry)
[S]Recovered Gemstone / SpecimenAl2SiO4(F,OH)2
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Katlang (Mardan district — rare hydrothermal natural pink topaz in calcite)
Gilgit-Baltistan: Dassu and Shigar (golden/sherry pegmatitic topaz), Shengus
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (Natural Color Origin (Untreated) & Clarity)
Untreated natural pink / violet-pink (chromium-activated, non-irradiated); VS to VVS clarity
Katlang natural pink topaz is one of the rarest gem varieties on earth. Total annual recovery is minimal and artisanal. Any claims of large bulk commercial stock are false.
Fornitura commerciale
Gemstones & Mineral SpecimensRuby (Neelum Valley & Hunza Corundum)
[S]Recovered Gemstone / SpecimenAluminum Oxide (Al2O3:Cr / Al2O3:Fe,Ti)
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Azad Jammu & Kashmir: Neelum Valley (Nangimali, Chitta Katha marble belt)
Gilgit-Baltistan: Hunza Valley (Aliabad, Ganesh marble-hosted ruby and sapphire)
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (Natural Color, Origin Verification & Treatment Status)
Naturally unheated (no thermal alteration, no lead-glass or flux filling)
Zero Commercial Active Production Disclaimer: Neelum Valley ruby operations are currently non-industrial with no active corporate mine concessions yielding continuous commercial supply. Claims of guaranteed continuous supply are prohibited.
Soggetto ad analisi / Concessione
Gemstones & Mineral Specimens
[S]Recovered Gemstone / SpecimenPeridot (Gem Olivine / Forsterite)
Magnesium Iron Silicate ((Mg,Fe)2SiO4)
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Kohistan (Spapat, Sapat Gali, Upper Jijal ultramafic complex)
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (Size, Color Uniformity & Cleanliness)
Rich vibrant green with moderate iron saturation (Fo88-Fo92); eye-clean clarity
Sapat peridot deposits are located at extreme high altitudes (>4,200 m) with extraction limited strictly to 2 - 3 summer months by local artisanal miners.
Fornitura commerciale
Gemstones & Mineral Specimens
[S]Recovered Gemstone / SpecimenTourmaline, Garnet & Spinel Group
Complex Borosilicates, Orthosilicates & Oxides
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Gilgit-Baltistan: Stak Nala, Haramosh, Hunza (spinel), and Shigar (spessartine garnet)
Balochistan: Muslim Bagh (rare green demantoid garnet in serpentinite)
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (Hue Saturation, Brilliance & Crystal Perfection)
Natural unheated gems; undamaged pyramidal or rhombohedral terminations on crystal specimens
Specimen recovery is artisanal and episodic. Enigma Earth qualifies individual parcels on hand; claims of industrial-scale recurring supply are technically unfounded.
Fornitura commerciale
Gemstones & Mineral Specimens
[A]Associated / Research OccurrenceSpecialist Mineral Specimens (Rare Pegmatites)
Pollucite, Columbite-Tantalite, Cassiterite, Beryllonite, Väyrynenite, Brookite
Cinture provinciali verificate:
Gilgit-Baltistan: Shengus, Shigar, Nyet, Roundu rare-element pegmatite fields
Balochistan: Kharan and Ziarat (brookite on quartz crystal specimens)
Parametro di riferimento per l'acquirente (Crystallographic Perfection, Scarcity & Aesthetic Presentation)
Complete, pristine crystal morphology on original host rock matrix; zero repair or glue reconstruction (or fully disclosed conservation)
CRITICAL GOVERNANCE NOTICE: Rare minerals such as pollucite (cesium ore) or columbite-tantalite recovered in Northern Pakistan occur as localized pegmatite crystals and specimen samples. They do NOT constitute commercial mining production of critical battery or tech metals in Pakistan.
Soggetto ad analisi / Concessione
CONTESTO GEOLOGICO REGIONALE
Distribuzione mineraria regionale nelle cinture provinciali
Le concessioni minerarie in Pakistan sono disciplinate dalle normative minerarie provinciali. Approfondisci l'assetto geologico, le procedure catastali e i corridoi logistici.
Balochistan
Arco magmatico di Chagai e ofiolite di Muslim Bagh
Minerali chiave: Rame, cromite, minerale di ferro, barite, fluorite
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Sutura dell'Indo e cinture metamorfiche del Basso Himalaya
Minerali chiave: Marmo, smeraldo, talco, magnesite, fosforite
Gilgit-Baltistan
Complesso del Karakorum e campi pegmatitici zonati
Minerali chiave: Acquamarina, topazio, tormalina, corindone
Punjab
Evaporiti della Salt Range e bacini clastici di avampaese
Minerali chiave: Salgemma, gesso, sabbia silicea, bentonite
Sindh
Bacino sedimentario dell'Indo e basamento di Nagar Parkar
Minerali chiave: Caolino, sale lacustre, celestina, inerti
Azad Jammu e Kashmir
Orizzonti carbonatici metamorfici e cinture sintassiali
Minerali chiave: Marmo, bentonite, bauxite, corindone storico
SERVIZI TECNICI SPECIALIZZATI
Servizi tecnici e integrazione della catena logistica
Enigma Earth colma il divario tra i giacimenti in situ e i requisiti del commercio internazionale attraverso servizi tecnici accreditati.
01
Esplorazione mineraria e carotaggio continuo
Sondaggi a carotaggio diamantato, campionamento geochimico a griglia e modellazione 3D dei giacimenti secondo gli standard JORC/NI 43-101.
Servizi di esplorazione02
Commercio di minerali e controllo qualità
Campionamento composito indipendente, analisi chimiche certificate (SGS / Alex Stewart), test TML e gestione delle spedizioni marittime.
Commercio ed esportazione03
Catasto minerario e due diligence
Verifica delle concessioni presso la Direzione Generale delle Miniere (DGMM), indagini su contenziosi e audit di conformità normativa.
Consulenza minerariaCONSULENZA TECNICA E APPROVVIGIONAMENTO CERTIFICATO
Avvia una richiesta tecnica di approvvigionamento o una perizia geologica
Enigma Earth supporta acquirenti istituzionali, società minerarie e investitori con perizie indipendenti, saggi analitici accreditati e logistica di fornitura in Pakistan.
Principio Regola 27: Tutte le richieste sono esaminate unicamente sulla base di bollettini analitici originali, cedole di pesatura e titoli concessori ufficiali.
Information source: Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP), registri provinciali della DGMM e standard di verifica tecnica di Enigma Earth• Last reviewed 18 settembre 2026