파키스탄의 광물 및 원자재 자원

High-grade industrial minerals including white barite, cosmetic talc, and gypsum

산업 및 비금속 광물

10 건의 증거 기록카테고리 명부

그룹 02 • 비금속 및 공업용 원자재

산업 광물

API 시추용 중정석, 고백색도 활석, 석고, 마그네사이트, 형석, 인회석, 규사 및 특수 점토.

주요 광종:

중정석(시추/화학용)활석 / 곱돌석고마그네사이트형석

축성 습곡대, 솔트 레인지 및 소히말라야 변성대

Polished dimension stones, onyx, and pink rock salt crystals from Pakistan

암염 및 판석재

7 건의 증거 기록카테고리 명부

그룹 03 • 증발암, 대리석 및 골재

암염, 석재 및 건축 자재

솔트 레인지의 고대 암염 증발암층, 최고급 건축 대리석, 차가이 줄무늬 오닉스, 화강암 및 인프라용 고규격 골재.

주요 광종:

암염(핑크/화이트)대리석 및 오닉스화강암토목용 골재

솔트 레인지 증발암 및 광역 변성 석재 구역

Gemstone crystals on natural matrix including Swat emerald and Shigar aquamarine

보석 및 광물 표본

7 건의 증거 기록카테고리 명부

그룹 04 • 결정 및 보석 광물 표본

보석 및 광물 표본

명성 높은 스와트 에메랄드, 길기트 아쿠아마린, 카틀랑 핑크 토파즈, 페리도트 등 출처가 검증된 희귀 광물 결정 표본.

주요 광종:

스와트 에메랄드아쿠아마린카틀랑 핑크 토파즈루비 / 사파이어희귀 결정 표본

인더스 봉합대 및 카라코람-히말라야 페그마타이트 전선

증거 등급 가이드

광물 증거 코드의 이해

Enigma Earth는 모든 광물 부존을 명확한 증거 코드에 따라 분류합니다. 역사적 채굴이나 단일 결정 표본이 활발한 상업 생산으로 오인되지 않도록 엄격히 통제합니다.

코드	공인 분류 정의	지질학적 증거의 의미	상업적 진술의 법적 한계
[P]	공식 생산 보고 증거	주 정부 광산총국 또는 공식 대형 광산 기업의 검증된 생산 통계 보고가 존재하는 광종.	상업적 가동 중 (로트별 성분 분석 필수)
[H]	역사적 채굴 작업 증거	과거 채굴 실적이 존재하는 광상. 현재 생산 여부는 광업권 및 재가동 상태 확인 필요.	역사적 광산 / 휴광 상태
[S]	채취 보석 및 광물 표본	소규모 채취 표본 또는 결정 광물. 대량 산업 생산 능력을 의미하지 않음.	단품 표본 한정 / 영세 채취
[A]	수반 광물 / 연구용 시료	주요 광석 또는 페그마타이트에 수반되어 산출되는 부차 광물. 학술 또는 박물관 소장 가치.	비대량 / 학술 및 표본용
[O]	탐사 타깃 / 광화 징후지	지표 노두, 지구화학 이상대 또는 시추 평가가 요구되는 탐사 라이선스 대상 지역.	탐사 타깃 (재고 미보유)

Enigma Earth 거버넌스 및 운영 진술 기준

지질학적 광화 산출지나 과거 광산 기록이 상업적 가채광량이나 즉시 공급 가능한 재고를 의미하지 않습니다. 당사 규정에 따라 모든 상업적 제안은 독립 공인 시험소 성분 분석(SGS, Alex Stewart 등)과 광업권 확인이 수반되어야 합니다.

규칙 22: 지질 부존 ≠ 상업 생산•규칙 24: 희귀 표본 ≠ 대량 공급 능력•규칙 27: 증거 기반 진술 원칙

목록 검색

증거 검증 광물 디렉터리 탐색

카테고리, 권역, 증거 상태별로 광물 기록을 검색하십시오. 디렉터리 등재가 즉시 출하 가능한 재고를 보증하지는 않습니다.

현재 표시 중: 32 / 32 건의 검증 기록

Metallic MineralsCopper Ore & Concentrates

[P]Official Production Evidence

Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), Bornite (Cu5FeS4), Malachite (Cu2CO3(OH)2)

확인된 성광대:

Balochistan: Chagai Magmatic Arc (Saindak, Reko Diq belt)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: North Waziristan (Boye, Shinkai copper-bearing volcanics)

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (Copper Content (Cu))

20.0% to 28.0% Cu in flotation concentrates; run-of-mine direct-shipping ore (DSO) 1.5% - 4.0% Cu where available

Commercial export of copper concentrates requires official clearance and title tracing. Commercial viability requires independent third-party assay (e.g. ALS, SGS, Alfred H Knight). Occurrence does not equal extraction or commercial grade. Major porphyry reserves (such as Reko Diq) are held under state-authorized consortium agreements and are not available for private trade.

상업적 조달 가능

Metallic MineralsChromite Ore (Metallurgical & Refractory)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Chromite ((Fe,Mg)Cr2O4)

확인된 성광대:

Balochistan: Muslim Bagh, Khanozai, Bela, and Zhob ophiolite complexes

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Dargai (Malakand) and Kohistan ophiolitic sequences

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (Chromium Oxide (Cr2O3) & Cr:Fe Ratio)

Typical Buyer Target (Metallurgical): 46.0% - 52.0% Cr2O3 (Cr:Fe typically 2.6:1 to 3.0:1); Medium/Refractory Grade: 38.0% - 44.0% Cr2O3 (Cr:Fe 2.2:1 - 2.6:1). Grade, Cr:Fe ratio, and low silica/phosphorus must be verified per lot.

Chromite metallurgical quality depends on Cr2O3 content, Cr:Fe ratio (typically 2.6:1 to 3.0:1 for metallurgical grade), and low silica/phosphorus, which must be verified per lot. Commercial viability requires independent third-party assay (e.g. ALS, SGS, Alfred H Knight). Occurrence does not equal extraction or commercial grade.

상업적 조달 가능

Metallic MineralsIron Ore (Magnetite & Sedimentary)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Magnetite (Fe3O4), Hematite (Fe2O3), Chamosite-Goethite (Oolitic)

확인된 성광대:

Balochistan: Chagai & Ras Koh (Pachinkoh, Chigendik skarn deposits); Dilband (sedimentary)

Punjab: Salt Range & Chichali / Kalabagh (oolitic sedimentary deposits)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Chitral (Dammer Nissar magnetite); Abbottabad (Langrial oolitic)

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (Total Iron (Fe))

Chagai Skarn Magnetite: 56.0% - 62.0% Fe; Sedimentary Oolitic: 32.0% - 42.0% Fe (requires beneficiation)

Sedimentary deposits in Punjab and Dilband host substantial indicated tonnage but possess refractory metallogeny (high phosphorus and silica). They cannot be marketed as direct-charge blast furnace ore without dedicated beneficiation flowsheets.

상업적 조달 가능

Metallic MineralsLead Ore & Galena Concentrates

[H]Historical Extraction Evidence

Galena (PbS), Cerussite (PbCO3), Anglesite (PbSO4)

확인된 성광대:

Balochistan: Lasbela-Khuzdar Metallogenic Belt (Duddar, Gunga, Surmai)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Besham, Kohistan, and Chitral sulfide occurrences

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (Lead (Pb) & Silver (Ag) Assay)

Flotation concentrate: 55.0% - 68.0% Pb; Direct-shipping ore (DSO): 35.0% - 48.0% Pb where available

Historical extraction at Duddar underground mine is held under specific corporate concessions. Sourcing requires official title tracing, concession documentation, and third-party laboratory verification. Occurrence does not equal extraction or commercial grade.

성분 분석 / 인허가 확인 요망

Metallic MineralsZinc Ore & Sphalerite Concentrates

[H]Historical Extraction Evidence

Sphalerite ((Zn,Fe)S), Smithsonite (ZnCO3), Hemimorphite

확인된 성광대:

Balochistan: Lasbela-Khuzdar Belt (Duddar, Gunga, Surmai, Sekran)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Swat, Hazara, and Chitral polymetallic occurrences

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (Zinc (Zn) & Iron (Fe) Content)

Flotation concentrate: 48.0% - 55.0% Zn; Crude ore / DSO: 25.0% - 38.0% Zn

Zinc deposits in the Lasbela-Khuzdar belt are subject to lease concession verifications and environmental compliance. No direct private spot supply is available without concession validation.

성분 분석 / 인허가 확인 요망

Metallic MineralsManganese Ore

[P]Official Production Evidence

Pyrolusite (MnO2), Psilomelane, Rhodochrosite (MnCO3)

확인된 성광대:

Balochistan: Lasbela (Bela Ophiolite Belt, Kharari Nai, Sanjro)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Kurram Agency and North Waziristan volcanic sequences

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (Manganese (Mn) Content)

Metallurgical Grade: 38.0% - 46.0% Mn; Chemical/Battery Grade: > 48.0% Mn (high Mn:Fe ratio)

Manganese lenses in Bela and Kurram vary abruptly in thickness and grade. Shipments must be tested composite-lot by composite-lot rather than assumed homogeneous.

상업적 조달 가능

Metallic MineralsAntimony (Stibnite)

[O]Exploration / Occurrence Context

Stibnite (Sb2S3)

확인된 성광대:

Balochistan: Qila Abdullah (Surkhab valley, Shekran)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Chitral (Krang, Partsan hydrothermal vein belts)

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (Antimony (Sb) Content)

Hand-sorted crude ore: 45.0% - 58.0% Sb; Flotation concentrate: > 60.0% Sb

Exploration status only. No active commercial bulk production capacity currently operates. Field reports represent artisanal vein diggings and mineralized outcrops requiring systemic diamond drilling.

성분 분석 / 인허가 확인 요망

Metallic MineralsBauxite & Laterite (Alumina / Cement Feed)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Gibbsite (Al(OH)3), Boehmite (AlO(OH)), Kaolinite, Hematite

확인된 성광대:

Punjab: Salt Range (Khushab, Kattha, Nilawahan unconformity horizon)

Azad Jammu & Kashmir: Kotli & Muzaffarabad (Palaeocene-Eocene unconformity zones)

Balochistan: Khuzdar and Ziarat (lateritic horizons)

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (Alumina (Al2O3) and Silica (SiO2))

Refractory Grade: Al2O3 52.0% - 62.0%; Cement Grade: Al2O3 40.0% - 50.0%

Pakistani bauxites are predominantly diaspore-boehmite rich with elevated silica (kaolinite). They do not qualify for conventional low-temperature Bayer process alumina refining without intensive pre-desilication.

상업적 조달 가능

Industrial MineralsBarite (Barytes / BaSO4)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Barium Sulfate (BaSO4)

확인된 성광대:

Balochistan: Khuzdar (Gunga, Shekran, Monar Talar massive vein and bedded deposits)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Haripur and Kohistan hydrothermal vein systems

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (Specific Gravity (SG) & BaSO4 Content)

Example Buyer Specification: Drilling Mud Grade typically requires Specific Gravity >= 4.20 g/cm3 (API 13A Section 7) or >= 4.10 g/cm3 (API Section 8); Chemical Grade: BaSO4 >= 95.0%. Lot-specific testing required.

Where an oilfield application requires an API specification (such as 4.20 or 4.10 g/cm3 specific gravity), the applicable parameters should be confirmed and demonstrated through suitable lot-specific testing. Khuzdar deposits maintain established commercial production with automated grinding mills; specific gravity and rheology must be verified per lot.

상업적 조달 가능

Industrial MineralsTalc / Soapstone (Steatite)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Hydrated Magnesium Silicate (Mg3Si4O10(OH)2)

확인된 성광대:

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Sherwan (Abbottabad), Safed Koh / Kurram, and Swat dolomitic belts

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (Whiteness / Brightness (Y-Value) & Chemistry + Mineralogy)

Example Buyer Requirement (Cosmetic/Polymer): ISO Brightness >= 94.0%, Talc purity >= 96.0%; Technical Grade: Brightness 85.0% - 92.0%. Chemistry and mineralogy must be verified by lot.

Asbestos Testing Where Required: For applications where asbestos absence is required, representative material should be tested using an appropriate method and laboratory (e.g., XRD / TEM). Sherwan talc achieves high natural whiteness, but cosmetic and polymer suitability must be verified on a lot-by-lot basis.

상업적 조달 가능

Industrial MineralsGypsum & Anhydrite

[P]Official Production Evidence

Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O)

확인된 성광대:

Punjab: Salt Range (Khewra, Dandot, Daud Khel, Mianwali)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Kohat Plateau (Bahadur Khel, Karak bedded sequences)

Balochistan: Sulaiman Range (Barkhan, Kohlu, Spintangi formations)

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (CaSO4·2H2O Purity)

High Grade Plaster/Industrial: >= 90.0% CaSO4·2H2O; Cement Grade: >= 80.0% - 85.0% CaSO4·2H2O

Gypsum reserves in Punjab and KP are massive and commercially active. The primary commercial variables are logistics distance, purity consistency, and chloride content.

상업적 조달 가능

Industrial Minerals

Magnesite (Raw & Calcined)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Magnesium Carbonate (MgCO3)

확인된 성광대:

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Kumhar (Abbottabad district, Hazara crystalline magnesite deposit)

Balochistan: Muslim Bagh and Bela ophiolites (cryptocrystalline vein magnesite)

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (Magnesium Oxide (MgO) Equivalent)

Raw Magnesite: MgO >= 45.0% (LOI ~50%); Dead-Burned Magnesite: MgO >= 90.0% - 94.0%

Kumhar is Pakistan's principal documented crystalline deposit with historical geological reserve estimates. Processing into dead-burned magnesite requires high-temperature rotary kilns (>1750°C), which dictates local beneficiation capacity.

상업적 조달 가능

Industrial MineralsFluorite (Fluorspar)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Calcium Fluoride (CaF2)

확인된 성광대:

Balochistan: Koh-i-Maran and Koh-i-Siah (Kalat district); Kharan and Chagai vein deposits

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (Calcium Fluoride (CaF2))

Metallurgical Grade (Metspar): 70.0% - 85.0% CaF2; Acid Grade (Acidspar): >= 97.0% CaF2

Koh-i-Maran produces high-grade commercial metspar by manual sorting; production of acid-grade (>97% CaF2) requires froth flotation plants capable of separating calcite and silica gangue.

상업적 조달 가능

Industrial Minerals

Phosphate Rock (Phosphorite)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Fluorapatite / Francolite (Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH))

확인된 성광대:

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Hazara Phosphate Belt (Kakul, Lagarban, Dalola, Tarnawai)

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (Phosphorus Pentoxide (P2O5))

Direct Run-of-Mine: 24.0% - 28.0% P2O5; Beneficiated Concentrate: 30.0% - 32.0% P2O5

Hazara phosphorites are silicious and dolomitic; commercial utilization in wet-process phosphoric acid requires careful blending or flotation beneficiation to keep MER within plant design tolerances.

상업적 조달 가능

Industrial MineralsSilica Sand (Industrial Quartz Sand)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

확인된 성광대:

Punjab: Salt Range (Datta Formation sandstone: Kalabagh, Makarwal, Mianwali)

Sindh: Tharparkar and Dadu (unconsolidated silica sand dunes and Eocene beds)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Dera Ismail Khan (Pezu) and Mansehra hydrothermal quartz veins

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (Silica (SiO2) & Iron Oxide (Fe2O3))

Float/Flint Glass Grade: SiO2 >= 99.2%, Fe2O3 <= 0.025%; Container Glass: SiO2 >= 98.5%, Fe2O3 <= 0.08%

Mianwali and Pezu silica sands provide established commercial production for domestic container glass; production of optical or solar cover glass requires high-intensity magnetic separation and acid washing.

상업적 조달 가능

Industrial MineralsDolomite (Refractory, Glass & Metallurgical Flux)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Calcium Magnesium Carbonate (CaMg(CO3)2)

확인된 성광대:

Punjab: Salt Range (Paikhel, Dandot, Nilawahan, Mianwali)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Nowshera, Abbottabad, and Haripur dolomitic formations

Balochistan: Kalat and Lasbela Jurassic carbonate belts

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (Magnesium Oxide (MgO) & Calcium Oxide (CaO))

Refractory / Glass Grade: MgO >= 20.0% - 21.5%, CaO 30.0% - 31.5% (Theoretical pure: 21.8% MgO, 30.4% CaO)

High-purity refractory and glassmaker grades require low iron (Fe2O3 < 0.15%) and minimal acid-insoluble silica. Dolomitic limestone blends must be distinguished by precise XRF stoichiometry from true stoichiometric dolomite.

상업적 조달 가능

Industrial MineralsBentonite (Sodium-Activated & Calcium Montmorillonite)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Montmorillonite / Smectite ((Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2·nH2O)

확인된 성광대:

Punjab: Jhelum (Dina, Rohtas volcanogenic ash beds in Siwalik Group)

Azad Jammu & Kashmir: Mirpur and Bhimber (Siwalik bentonite horizons)

Sindh: Tharparkar (Nagar Parkar kaolin) and Khairpur / D.G. Khan (Fuller's earth)

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (Swelling Index, Viscosity & Montmorillonite Purity)

API Drilling Grade: Suspension properties meeting API 13A (viscometer 600 rpm >= 30, filtrate volume <= 16.0 cm3); Swelling index >= 24 ml/2g

Most natural Pakistani bentonites are calcium-dominated smectites. Achieving API drilling specifications requires sodium activation (soda ash addition during pugging and aging).

상업적 조달 가능

Industrial MineralsKaolin (China Clay)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Kaolinite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4)

확인된 성광대:

Sindh: Nagar Parkar (residual deposits on Proterozoic granitic basement)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Shah Dheri (Swat district, hydrothermal alteration of feldspathic rocks)

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (Al2O3 Content & ISO Brightness)

Ceramic Grade: Al2O3 >= 34.0% - 37.0%, ISO Brightness >= 80.0%; Paper Coating Grade: Brightness >= 86.0%

Nagar Parkar kaolin requires wet beneficiation (hydrocyclone separation, magnetic separation, and bleaching) to remove silica quartz grit and iron staining before reaching paper-coating standards.

상업적 조달 가능

Salt, Stone & Construction MaterialsRock Salt (Himalayan Pink & White Halite)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

확인된 성광대:

Punjab: Salt Range (Khewra, Warcha, Kalabagh, Jatta, Bahadur Khel)

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (Sodium Chloride (NaCl) & Purity Certification)

Example Buyer Specification: Edible Gourmet Grade typically requires NaCl >= 98.5% - 99.2%; Industrial/De-icing Grade: NaCl >= 95.0% - 97.0%. Purity typically ranges 96–99% NaCl depending on seam and processing; individual lots must be tested for purity, moisture and insolubles.

Export of pink salt from Pakistan is governed by official GI (Geographical Indication) regulations. Rock salt purity typically ranges 96–99% NaCl depending on seam and processing; individual lots must be tested for purity, moisture and insolubles. Claims of health remedies or electromagnetic radiation neutralization are unscientific and strictly avoided.

상업적 조달 가능

Salt, Stone & Construction MaterialsMarble (Architectural Dimension Stone)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Calcite / Dolomite (CaCO3 / CaMg(CO3)2)

확인된 성광대:

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Mohmand (White Marble), Nowshera (Pink/Ziarat Marble), Buner, Mardan

Balochistan: Lasbela, Khuzdar, Loralai, Ziarat

Azad Jammu & Kashmir: Muzaffarabad crystalline marble belt

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (Compressive Strength, Water Absorption & Surface Finish)

Compressive Strength >= 75 - 120 MPa (ASTM C170); Modulus of Rupture >= 8.0 - 15.0 MPa (ASTM C99)

Modern diamond wire-saw extraction reduces micro-fracturing in dimension stone blocks compared to traditional blasting. Consignments require physical inspection and test validation.

상업적 조달 가능

Salt, Stone & Construction MaterialsOnyx (Banded Aragonite & Travertine)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Banded Aragonite / Calcite (CaCO3)

확인된 성광대:

Balochistan: Chagai District (Mashki Chah, Zeh, Padag, Taftan)

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (Color Grading, Translucency & Soundness)

Dark Green, Medium Green, Light Green, Multi-Green, White Onyx; high optical translucency under backlighting

A trade or market name does not automatically prove geological origin. Translucency and green color saturation vary naturally across short quarry distances.

상업적 조달 가능

Salt, Stone & Construction Materials

Granite (Structural & Architectural)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Quartz-Feldspar-Biotite Plutonic Rock

확인된 성광대:

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Mansehra (Himalayan Granites), Swat, Buner plutons

Sindh: Nagar Parkar (Proterozoic basement granite suite — subject to environmental restrictions)

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (Compressive Strength & Abrasion Resistance)

Compressive Strength >= 130 - 180 MPa (ASTM C170); Flexural Strength >= 10.0 - 18.0 MPa (ASTM C880)

Environmental Safeguard: Nagar Parkar's Karunjhar Hills are subject to judicial and governmental quarrying prohibitions due to wildlife sanctuary and religious heritage protections. Enigma Earth does not source or trade granite originating from prohibited Karunjhar preservation zones.

상업적 조달 가능

Salt, Stone & Construction MaterialsLimestone (Industrial, Cement & Aggregate)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)

확인된 성광대:

Punjab: Salt Range & Margalla Hills (Margalla Hill, Samana Suk, Sakesar formations)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Nowshera, Hattar, Kohat, and Nizampur quarry belts

Sindh: Thatta, Jamshoro, and Rohri Eocene marine limestone formations

Balochistan: Lasbela, Bolan, and Quetta Jurassic to Eocene carbonate platforms

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) & Magnesium Oxide (MgO))

Industrial / Chemical Grade: CaCO3 >= 95.0% - 98.0%; Cement Raw Meal: CaCO3 >= 80.0% - 88.0% (CaO >= 45.0% - 50.0%)

Limestone deposits in Pakistan are vast and commercially active nationwide. Material suitability depends strictly on the application: cement clinkers require stringent MgO limits (< 3.0%), industrial lime requires high CaCO3 (> 95%), and concrete aggregates demand low LA abrasion and zero alkali-silica reactivity (ASR).

상업적 조달 가능

Salt, Stone & Construction Materials

Construction Aggregates, Sand & Gravel

[P]Official Production Evidence

Crushed Limestone, Quartzite, River Gravel & Sand

확인된 성광대:

Punjab: Margalla Hills (crushed limestone), Salt Range quarries, Chenab river sand

Sindh: Hub and Jamshoro gravel pits, Rohri crushed limestone

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Nowshera, Hattar, and Nizampur crushing complexes

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (Los Angeles Abrasion & Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV))

Los Angeles Abrasion Loss <= 25.0% - 30.0% (ASTM C131); ACV <= 22.0%; Soundness Loss (Na2SO4) <= 12.0%

Aggregate supply is strictly localized by logistics economics. Long-distance transport is economically viable only for specialized railway ballast or high-specification offshore engineering projects.

상업적 조달 가능

Salt, Stone & Construction Materials

Lake & Solar Marine Salt

[P]Official Production Evidence

Sodium Chloride (NaCl) & Brine Evaporite

확인된 성광대:

Sindh: Coastal salt pans (Korangi, Port Qasim, Siranda Lake, Tharparkar playas)

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (NaCl Purity (Dry Basis))

Industrial Tanning Grade: NaCl >= 96.0% - 97.5%; Raw Solar Crystals: NaCl >= 94.0%

Marine solar salt is subject to seasonal weather variations. Monsoon rainfall halts solar crystallizer beds between July and September.

상업적 조달 가능

Gemstones & Mineral SpecimensSwat Emerald (Beryl: Be3Al2Si6O18:Cr)

[S]Recovered Gemstone / Specimen

Beryl colored by Chromium and Vanadium

확인된 성광대:

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Swat Valley (Mingora, Shamozai, Gujjar Killi, Charbagh ophiolite suture)

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (Color Saturation, Clarity & Treatment Verification)

Intense vivid green ('Swat Green') with high chromium luminescence; untreated (no oil / minor cedarwood oil only)

Mining in the Mingora emerald belt is strictly managed by provincial concession authorities and authorized auctions. Unauthorized private claims or guaranteed parcel yields are fraudulent.

상업적 조달 가능

Gemstones & Mineral SpecimensAquamarine & Heliodor (Pegmatitic Beryl)

[S]Recovered Gemstone / Specimen

Beryl colored by divalent/trivalent Iron (Fe2+/Fe3+)

확인된 성광대:

Gilgit-Baltistan: Shigar Valley (Dassu, Nyet, Bulechi), Haramosh, Shengus, Nagar

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Chitral (Lutkho, Garam Chashma pegmatites)

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (Crystal Termination, Luster & Transparency)

Eye-clean to loupe-clean transparency; natural undamaged hexagonal pinacoid or pyramidal terminations

Pegmatitic pocket mining is highly seasonal (May to October due to high-altitude Himalayan winter freezes) and intrinsically unpredictable. Stock varies continuously based on recent artisanal pocket strikes.

상업적 조달 가능

Gemstones & Mineral SpecimensTopaz (Katlang Imperial Pink & Northern Sherry)

[S]Recovered Gemstone / Specimen

Al2SiO4(F,OH)2

확인된 성광대:

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Katlang (Mardan district — rare hydrothermal natural pink topaz in calcite)

Gilgit-Baltistan: Dassu and Shigar (golden/sherry pegmatitic topaz), Shengus

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (Natural Color Origin (Untreated) & Clarity)

Untreated natural pink / violet-pink (chromium-activated, non-irradiated); VS to VVS clarity

Katlang natural pink topaz is one of the rarest gem varieties on earth. Total annual recovery is minimal and artisanal. Any claims of large bulk commercial stock are false.

상업적 조달 가능

Gemstones & Mineral SpecimensRuby (Neelum Valley & Hunza Corundum)

[S]Recovered Gemstone / Specimen

Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3:Cr / Al2O3:Fe,Ti)

확인된 성광대:

Azad Jammu & Kashmir: Neelum Valley (Nangimali, Chitta Katha marble belt)

Gilgit-Baltistan: Hunza Valley (Aliabad, Ganesh marble-hosted ruby and sapphire)

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (Natural Color, Origin Verification & Treatment Status)

Naturally unheated (no thermal alteration, no lead-glass or flux filling)

Zero Commercial Active Production Disclaimer: Neelum Valley ruby operations are currently non-industrial with no active corporate mine concessions yielding continuous commercial supply. Claims of guaranteed continuous supply are prohibited.

성분 분석 / 인허가 확인 요망

Gemstones & Mineral Specimens

Peridot (Gem Olivine / Forsterite)

[S]Recovered Gemstone / Specimen

Magnesium Iron Silicate ((Mg,Fe)2SiO4)

확인된 성광대:

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Kohistan (Spapat, Sapat Gali, Upper Jijal ultramafic complex)

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (Size, Color Uniformity & Cleanliness)

Rich vibrant green with moderate iron saturation (Fo88-Fo92); eye-clean clarity

Sapat peridot deposits are located at extreme high altitudes (>4,200 m) with extraction limited strictly to 2 - 3 summer months by local artisanal miners.

상업적 조달 가능

Gemstones & Mineral Specimens

Tourmaline, Garnet & Spinel Group

[S]Recovered Gemstone / Specimen

Complex Borosilicates, Orthosilicates & Oxides

확인된 성광대:

Gilgit-Baltistan: Stak Nala, Haramosh, Hunza (spinel), and Shigar (spessartine garnet)

Balochistan: Muslim Bagh (rare green demantoid garnet in serpentinite)

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (Hue Saturation, Brilliance & Crystal Perfection)

Natural unheated gems; undamaged pyramidal or rhombohedral terminations on crystal specimens

Specimen recovery is artisanal and episodic. Enigma Earth qualifies individual parcels on hand; claims of industrial-scale recurring supply are technically unfounded.

상업적 조달 가능

Gemstones & Mineral Specimens

Specialist Mineral Specimens (Rare Pegmatites)

[A]Associated / Research Occurrence

Pollucite, Columbite-Tantalite, Cassiterite, Beryllonite, Väyrynenite, Brookite

확인된 성광대:

Gilgit-Baltistan: Shengus, Shigar, Nyet, Roundu rare-element pegmatite fields

Balochistan: Kharan and Ziarat (brookite on quartz crystal specimens)

바이어 목표 참고 규격 (Crystallographic Perfection, Scarcity & Aesthetic Presentation)

Complete, pristine crystal morphology on original host rock matrix; zero repair or glue reconstruction (or fully disclosed conservation)

CRITICAL GOVERNANCE NOTICE: Rare minerals such as pollucite (cesium ore) or columbite-tantalite recovered in Northern Pakistan occur as localized pegmatite crystals and specimen samples. They do NOT constitute commercial mining production of critical battery or tech metals in Pakistan.

성분 분석 / 인허가 확인 요망