NATIONALER ROHSTOFFKLASSIFIKATIONS-INDEX

Source Verified

Minerale und Rohstoffe Pakistans

Eine evidenzbasierte technische Taxonomie der Metallerze, Industriemineralien, Steinsalz-Evaporite, Werksteine und Edelsteinstufen Pakistans. Jeder Eintrag beruht auf verifizierten geologischen Vorkommen, akkreditierten Laboranalysen und rechtsgültigen Bergbautiteln.

Last technical review: Sep 18, 2026• Verified by Leitender Geologe & Leiter der Fachgruppe Minerale

Rohstoffkategorien

Bergbau-Regionen

Geprüfte Rohstoffe

Evidenzbasierter Index

Repräsentativer geologischer Kontext: Unbearbeitete Kristallstufen und Erzproben aus Pakistan vor der Aufbereitung.

Institutioneller Prüfstandard

Geologische Vorkommen begründen keine sofortige Lieferbarkeit ab Lager. Alle Handelsanfragen erfordern chargenspezifische Laboranalysen und gültige Schürfkonzessionen.

STRUKTURIERTE TAXONOMIE

Vier Kernklassen für Minerale und Werkstoffe

Erkunden Sie detaillierte Rohstoffdossiers mit geologischen Formationen, technischen Käuferspezifikationen, Reinheitsgrenzen und verifizierten Förderdaten.

Metallic mineral ores and concentrates from Pakistan including chalcopyrite and chromite

METALLISCHE ROHSTOFFE

8 EvidenzdatensätzeKategorieregister

GRUPPE 01 • ERZE UND KONZENTRATE

Metallische Minerale

Kupfer-, Chromit-, Eisenerz-, Blei-Zink- und Manganvorkommen im Chagai-Magmabogen, in Muslim Bagh, Bela und den nördlichen Ophiolithgürteln.

Schlüsselrohstoffe:

KupferChromitEisenerzBlei & ZinkMangan

Chagai-Magmabogen und Neotethys-Ophiolith-Suturzonen

High-grade industrial minerals including white barite, cosmetic talc, and gypsum

INDUSTRIELLE & NICHTMETALLE

10 EvidenzdatensätzeKategorieregister

GRUPPE 02 • NICHTMETALLE UND INDUSTRIEMATERIALIEN

Industriemineralien

API-Bohrbaryt, hochweißer Talk, Gips, Magnesit, Flussspat, Phosphatgestein, Quarzsand und Spezialtone.

Schlüsselrohstoffe:

Baryt (Bohrung / Chemie)Talk / SpecksteinGipsMagnesitFlussspat

Axialer Faltengürtel, Salt Range und metamorphe Zonen des Niederen Himalayas

Polished dimension stones, onyx, and pink rock salt crystals from Pakistan

SALZ & WERKSTEIN

7 EvidenzdatensätzeKategorieregister

GRUPPE 03 • EVAPORITE, MARMOR UND BAUSTOFFE

Salz, Werkstein und Baustoffe

Uralte Halitevaporite der Salt Range, edle Architekturmarmore, gebänderter Chagai-Onyx, Granite und hochfeste Baustoffzuschläge.

Schlüsselrohstoffe:

Steinsalz (Rosa/Weiß)Marmor & OnyxGranitBauzuschlagstoffe

Evaporite der Salt Range und regionale metamorphe Gesteinsprovinzen

Gemstone crystals on natural matrix including Swat emerald and Shigar aquamarine

EDELSTEINE & STUFEN

7 EvidenzdatensätzeKategorieregister

GRUPPE 04 • KRISTALLE UND MINERALOGISCHE STUFEN

Edelsteine und Mineralstufen

Hochwertige Swat-Smaragde, Gilgit-Baltistan-Aquamarine, kaiserlicher Pinktopas aus Katlang, Peridot und seltene pegmatitische Kristallstufen mit geprüfter Provenienz.

Schlüsselrohstoffe:

Swat-SmaragdAquamarinKatlang-PinktopasRubin / SaphirSpezialstufen

Indus-Suturzone und Karakorum-Himalaya-Pegmatitfelder

EVIDENZLEITFADEN

Das System der Rohstoffevidenz verstehen

Enigma Earth ordnet jedes Mineralvorkommen einem klaren Evidenzcode zu. Gemäß unseren Richtlinien werden historische Förderungen oder Funde einzelner Sammlerstufen niemals mit aktiver Großförderung gleichgesetzt.

Code	Anerkannte Klassifikation	Geologische Evidenz	Kommerzielle Anspruchsgrenze
[P]	Offizieller Fördernachweis	Für das Vorkommen liegen verifizierte Produktionsstatistiken der Bergbaubehörden oder Betreiber vor.	Kommerziell aktiv (vorbehaltlich Chargenanalyse)
[H]	Historischer Abbaunachweis	Die Lagerstätte wurde früher abgebaut; eine Wiederaufnahme erfordert Lizenz- und Betriebsprüfung.	Historisch / In Standhaltung
[S]	Geborgene Edelstein- / Mineralstufe	Sammlerstufe oder Fund aus manuellem Kleinabbau; repräsentiert keine industrielle Großproduktion.	Handwerklich / Nur Einzelstufe
[A]	Begleitmineral / Forschungsprobe	Mineralphase in Paragenese mit Haupterzen oder Pegmatiten; wissenschaftlicher oder musealer Wert.	Nicht-kommerziell / Forschungsprobe
[O]	Explorationsziel / Vorkommen	Oberflächenvorkommen oder geochemische Anomalie, die eine systematische Kernbohrung erfordert.	Explorationsziel (Kein Lagerbestand)

Enigma Earth Governance und Grenzen operationeller Aussagen

Geologische Vorkommen oder historische Abbaue stellen keine gesicherten kommerziellen Erzreserven oder sofort lieferbaren Haldenbestände dar. Nach den Richtlinien von Enigma Earth erfordert jedes Geschäftsangebot eine akkreditierte Primäranalyse (SGS, Alex Stewart) und gültige Konzessionsrechte.

Regel 22: Vorkommen ≠ Produktion•Regel 24: Einzelstufe ≠ Großlieferung•Regel 27: Nur evidenzbasierte Angaben

VERZEICHNIS DURCHSUCHEN

Evidenzgeprüftes Mineralienverzeichnis

Filtern Sie Rohstoffe nach Kategorie, Provinz und Evidenzstatus. Ein Verzeichniseintrag garantiert keinen sofortigen Lagerbestand.

Angezeigt: 32 von 32 evidenzgeprüften Rohstoffeinträgen

Metallic MineralsCopper Ore & Concentrates

[P]Official Production Evidence

Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), Bornite (Cu5FeS4), Malachite (Cu2CO3(OH)2)

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Balochistan: Chagai Magmatic Arc (Saindak, Reko Diq belt)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: North Waziristan (Boye, Shinkai copper-bearing volcanics)

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (Copper Content (Cu))

20.0% to 28.0% Cu in flotation concentrates; run-of-mine direct-shipping ore (DSO) 1.5% - 4.0% Cu where available

Commercial export of copper concentrates requires official clearance and title tracing. Commercial viability requires independent third-party assay (e.g. ALS, SGS, Alfred H Knight). Occurrence does not equal extraction or commercial grade. Major porphyry reserves (such as Reko Diq) are held under state-authorized consortium agreements and are not available for private trade.

Kommerzielle Beschaffung

Rohstoffdossier

Metallic MineralsChromite Ore (Metallurgical & Refractory)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Chromite ((Fe,Mg)Cr2O4)

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Balochistan: Muslim Bagh, Khanozai, Bela, and Zhob ophiolite complexes

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Dargai (Malakand) and Kohistan ophiolitic sequences

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (Chromium Oxide (Cr2O3) & Cr:Fe Ratio)

Typical Buyer Target (Metallurgical): 46.0% - 52.0% Cr2O3 (Cr:Fe typically 2.6:1 to 3.0:1); Medium/Refractory Grade: 38.0% - 44.0% Cr2O3 (Cr:Fe 2.2:1 - 2.6:1). Grade, Cr:Fe ratio, and low silica/phosphorus must be verified per lot.

Chromite metallurgical quality depends on Cr2O3 content, Cr:Fe ratio (typically 2.6:1 to 3.0:1 for metallurgical grade), and low silica/phosphorus, which must be verified per lot. Commercial viability requires independent third-party assay (e.g. ALS, SGS, Alfred H Knight). Occurrence does not equal extraction or commercial grade.

Kommerzielle Beschaffung

Rohstoffdossier

Metallic MineralsIron Ore (Magnetite & Sedimentary)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Magnetite (Fe3O4), Hematite (Fe2O3), Chamosite-Goethite (Oolitic)

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Balochistan: Chagai & Ras Koh (Pachinkoh, Chigendik skarn deposits); Dilband (sedimentary)

Punjab: Salt Range & Chichali / Kalabagh (oolitic sedimentary deposits)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Chitral (Dammer Nissar magnetite); Abbottabad (Langrial oolitic)

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (Total Iron (Fe))

Chagai Skarn Magnetite: 56.0% - 62.0% Fe; Sedimentary Oolitic: 32.0% - 42.0% Fe (requires beneficiation)

Sedimentary deposits in Punjab and Dilband host substantial indicated tonnage but possess refractory metallogeny (high phosphorus and silica). They cannot be marketed as direct-charge blast furnace ore without dedicated beneficiation flowsheets.

Kommerzielle Beschaffung

Rohstoffdossier

Metallic MineralsLead Ore & Galena Concentrates

[H]Historical Extraction Evidence

Galena (PbS), Cerussite (PbCO3), Anglesite (PbSO4)

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Balochistan: Lasbela-Khuzdar Metallogenic Belt (Duddar, Gunga, Surmai)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Besham, Kohistan, and Chitral sulfide occurrences

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (Lead (Pb) & Silver (Ag) Assay)

Flotation concentrate: 55.0% - 68.0% Pb; Direct-shipping ore (DSO): 35.0% - 48.0% Pb where available

Historical extraction at Duddar underground mine is held under specific corporate concessions. Sourcing requires official title tracing, concession documentation, and third-party laboratory verification. Occurrence does not equal extraction or commercial grade.

Vorbehaltlich Analyse / Lizenz

Rohstoffdossier

Metallic MineralsZinc Ore & Sphalerite Concentrates

[H]Historical Extraction Evidence

Sphalerite ((Zn,Fe)S), Smithsonite (ZnCO3), Hemimorphite

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Balochistan: Lasbela-Khuzdar Belt (Duddar, Gunga, Surmai, Sekran)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Swat, Hazara, and Chitral polymetallic occurrences

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (Zinc (Zn) & Iron (Fe) Content)

Flotation concentrate: 48.0% - 55.0% Zn; Crude ore / DSO: 25.0% - 38.0% Zn

Zinc deposits in the Lasbela-Khuzdar belt are subject to lease concession verifications and environmental compliance. No direct private spot supply is available without concession validation.

Vorbehaltlich Analyse / Lizenz

Rohstoffdossier

Metallic MineralsManganese Ore

[P]Official Production Evidence

Pyrolusite (MnO2), Psilomelane, Rhodochrosite (MnCO3)

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Balochistan: Lasbela (Bela Ophiolite Belt, Kharari Nai, Sanjro)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Kurram Agency and North Waziristan volcanic sequences

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (Manganese (Mn) Content)

Metallurgical Grade: 38.0% - 46.0% Mn; Chemical/Battery Grade: > 48.0% Mn (high Mn:Fe ratio)

Manganese lenses in Bela and Kurram vary abruptly in thickness and grade. Shipments must be tested composite-lot by composite-lot rather than assumed homogeneous.

Kommerzielle Beschaffung

Rohstoffdossier

Metallic MineralsAntimony (Stibnite)

[O]Exploration / Occurrence Context

Stibnite (Sb2S3)

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Balochistan: Qila Abdullah (Surkhab valley, Shekran)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Chitral (Krang, Partsan hydrothermal vein belts)

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (Antimony (Sb) Content)

Hand-sorted crude ore: 45.0% - 58.0% Sb; Flotation concentrate: > 60.0% Sb

Exploration status only. No active commercial bulk production capacity currently operates. Field reports represent artisanal vein diggings and mineralized outcrops requiring systemic diamond drilling.

Vorbehaltlich Analyse / Lizenz

Rohstoffdossier

Metallic MineralsBauxite & Laterite (Alumina / Cement Feed)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Gibbsite (Al(OH)3), Boehmite (AlO(OH)), Kaolinite, Hematite

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Punjab: Salt Range (Khushab, Kattha, Nilawahan unconformity horizon)

Azad Jammu & Kashmir: Kotli & Muzaffarabad (Palaeocene-Eocene unconformity zones)

Balochistan: Khuzdar and Ziarat (lateritic horizons)

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (Alumina (Al2O3) and Silica (SiO2))

Refractory Grade: Al2O3 52.0% - 62.0%; Cement Grade: Al2O3 40.0% - 50.0%

Pakistani bauxites are predominantly diaspore-boehmite rich with elevated silica (kaolinite). They do not qualify for conventional low-temperature Bayer process alumina refining without intensive pre-desilication.

Kommerzielle Beschaffung

Rohstoffdossier

Industrial MineralsBarite (Barytes / BaSO4)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Barium Sulfate (BaSO4)

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Balochistan: Khuzdar (Gunga, Shekran, Monar Talar massive vein and bedded deposits)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Haripur and Kohistan hydrothermal vein systems

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (Specific Gravity (SG) & BaSO4 Content)

Example Buyer Specification: Drilling Mud Grade typically requires Specific Gravity >= 4.20 g/cm3 (API 13A Section 7) or >= 4.10 g/cm3 (API Section 8); Chemical Grade: BaSO4 >= 95.0%. Lot-specific testing required.

Where an oilfield application requires an API specification (such as 4.20 or 4.10 g/cm3 specific gravity), the applicable parameters should be confirmed and demonstrated through suitable lot-specific testing. Khuzdar deposits maintain established commercial production with automated grinding mills; specific gravity and rheology must be verified per lot.

Kommerzielle Beschaffung

Rohstoffdossier

Industrial MineralsTalc / Soapstone (Steatite)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Hydrated Magnesium Silicate (Mg3Si4O10(OH)2)

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Sherwan (Abbottabad), Safed Koh / Kurram, and Swat dolomitic belts

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (Whiteness / Brightness (Y-Value) & Chemistry + Mineralogy)

Example Buyer Requirement (Cosmetic/Polymer): ISO Brightness >= 94.0%, Talc purity >= 96.0%; Technical Grade: Brightness 85.0% - 92.0%. Chemistry and mineralogy must be verified by lot.

Asbestos Testing Where Required: For applications where asbestos absence is required, representative material should be tested using an appropriate method and laboratory (e.g., XRD / TEM). Sherwan talc achieves high natural whiteness, but cosmetic and polymer suitability must be verified on a lot-by-lot basis.

Kommerzielle Beschaffung

Rohstoffdossier

Industrial MineralsGypsum & Anhydrite

[P]Official Production Evidence

Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O)

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Punjab: Salt Range (Khewra, Dandot, Daud Khel, Mianwali)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Kohat Plateau (Bahadur Khel, Karak bedded sequences)

Balochistan: Sulaiman Range (Barkhan, Kohlu, Spintangi formations)

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (CaSO4·2H2O Purity)

High Grade Plaster/Industrial: >= 90.0% CaSO4·2H2O; Cement Grade: >= 80.0% - 85.0% CaSO4·2H2O

Gypsum reserves in Punjab and KP are massive and commercially active. The primary commercial variables are logistics distance, purity consistency, and chloride content.

Kommerzielle Beschaffung

Rohstoffdossier

Industrial Minerals

Magnesite (Raw & Calcined)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Magnesium Carbonate (MgCO3)

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Kumhar (Abbottabad district, Hazara crystalline magnesite deposit)

Balochistan: Muslim Bagh and Bela ophiolites (cryptocrystalline vein magnesite)

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (Magnesium Oxide (MgO) Equivalent)

Raw Magnesite: MgO >= 45.0% (LOI ~50%); Dead-Burned Magnesite: MgO >= 90.0% - 94.0%

Kumhar is Pakistan's principal documented crystalline deposit with historical geological reserve estimates. Processing into dead-burned magnesite requires high-temperature rotary kilns (>1750°C), which dictates local beneficiation capacity.

Kommerzielle Beschaffung

Kategoriedetails

Industrial MineralsFluorite (Fluorspar)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Calcium Fluoride (CaF2)

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Balochistan: Koh-i-Maran and Koh-i-Siah (Kalat district); Kharan and Chagai vein deposits

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (Calcium Fluoride (CaF2))

Metallurgical Grade (Metspar): 70.0% - 85.0% CaF2; Acid Grade (Acidspar): >= 97.0% CaF2

Koh-i-Maran produces high-grade commercial metspar by manual sorting; production of acid-grade (>97% CaF2) requires froth flotation plants capable of separating calcite and silica gangue.

Kommerzielle Beschaffung

Rohstoffdossier

Industrial Minerals

Phosphate Rock (Phosphorite)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Fluorapatite / Francolite (Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH))

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Hazara Phosphate Belt (Kakul, Lagarban, Dalola, Tarnawai)

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (Phosphorus Pentoxide (P2O5))

Direct Run-of-Mine: 24.0% - 28.0% P2O5; Beneficiated Concentrate: 30.0% - 32.0% P2O5

Hazara phosphorites are silicious and dolomitic; commercial utilization in wet-process phosphoric acid requires careful blending or flotation beneficiation to keep MER within plant design tolerances.

Kommerzielle Beschaffung

Kategoriedetails

Industrial MineralsSilica Sand (Industrial Quartz Sand)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Punjab: Salt Range (Datta Formation sandstone: Kalabagh, Makarwal, Mianwali)

Sindh: Tharparkar and Dadu (unconsolidated silica sand dunes and Eocene beds)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Dera Ismail Khan (Pezu) and Mansehra hydrothermal quartz veins

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (Silica (SiO2) & Iron Oxide (Fe2O3))

Float/Flint Glass Grade: SiO2 >= 99.2%, Fe2O3 <= 0.025%; Container Glass: SiO2 >= 98.5%, Fe2O3 <= 0.08%

Mianwali and Pezu silica sands provide established commercial production for domestic container glass; production of optical or solar cover glass requires high-intensity magnetic separation and acid washing.

Kommerzielle Beschaffung

Rohstoffdossier

Industrial MineralsDolomite (Refractory, Glass & Metallurgical Flux)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Calcium Magnesium Carbonate (CaMg(CO3)2)

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Punjab: Salt Range (Paikhel, Dandot, Nilawahan, Mianwali)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Nowshera, Abbottabad, and Haripur dolomitic formations

Balochistan: Kalat and Lasbela Jurassic carbonate belts

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (Magnesium Oxide (MgO) & Calcium Oxide (CaO))

Refractory / Glass Grade: MgO >= 20.0% - 21.5%, CaO 30.0% - 31.5% (Theoretical pure: 21.8% MgO, 30.4% CaO)

High-purity refractory and glassmaker grades require low iron (Fe2O3 < 0.15%) and minimal acid-insoluble silica. Dolomitic limestone blends must be distinguished by precise XRF stoichiometry from true stoichiometric dolomite.

Kommerzielle Beschaffung

Rohstoffdossier

Industrial MineralsBentonite (Sodium-Activated & Calcium Montmorillonite)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Montmorillonite / Smectite ((Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2·nH2O)

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Punjab: Jhelum (Dina, Rohtas volcanogenic ash beds in Siwalik Group)

Azad Jammu & Kashmir: Mirpur and Bhimber (Siwalik bentonite horizons)

Sindh: Tharparkar (Nagar Parkar kaolin) and Khairpur / D.G. Khan (Fuller's earth)

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (Swelling Index, Viscosity & Montmorillonite Purity)

API Drilling Grade: Suspension properties meeting API 13A (viscometer 600 rpm >= 30, filtrate volume <= 16.0 cm3); Swelling index >= 24 ml/2g

Most natural Pakistani bentonites are calcium-dominated smectites. Achieving API drilling specifications requires sodium activation (soda ash addition during pugging and aging).

Kommerzielle Beschaffung

Rohstoffdossier

Industrial MineralsKaolin (China Clay)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Kaolinite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4)

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Sindh: Nagar Parkar (residual deposits on Proterozoic granitic basement)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Shah Dheri (Swat district, hydrothermal alteration of feldspathic rocks)

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (Al2O3 Content & ISO Brightness)

Ceramic Grade: Al2O3 >= 34.0% - 37.0%, ISO Brightness >= 80.0%; Paper Coating Grade: Brightness >= 86.0%

Nagar Parkar kaolin requires wet beneficiation (hydrocyclone separation, magnetic separation, and bleaching) to remove silica quartz grit and iron staining before reaching paper-coating standards.

Kommerzielle Beschaffung

Rohstoffdossier

Salt, Stone & Construction MaterialsRock Salt (Himalayan Pink & White Halite)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Punjab: Salt Range (Khewra, Warcha, Kalabagh, Jatta, Bahadur Khel)

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (Sodium Chloride (NaCl) & Purity Certification)

Example Buyer Specification: Edible Gourmet Grade typically requires NaCl >= 98.5% - 99.2%; Industrial/De-icing Grade: NaCl >= 95.0% - 97.0%. Purity typically ranges 96–99% NaCl depending on seam and processing; individual lots must be tested for purity, moisture and insolubles.

Export of pink salt from Pakistan is governed by official GI (Geographical Indication) regulations. Rock salt purity typically ranges 96–99% NaCl depending on seam and processing; individual lots must be tested for purity, moisture and insolubles. Claims of health remedies or electromagnetic radiation neutralization are unscientific and strictly avoided.

Kommerzielle Beschaffung

Rohstoffdossier

Salt, Stone & Construction MaterialsMarble (Architectural Dimension Stone)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Calcite / Dolomite (CaCO3 / CaMg(CO3)2)

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Mohmand (White Marble), Nowshera (Pink/Ziarat Marble), Buner, Mardan

Balochistan: Lasbela, Khuzdar, Loralai, Ziarat

Azad Jammu & Kashmir: Muzaffarabad crystalline marble belt

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (Compressive Strength, Water Absorption & Surface Finish)

Compressive Strength >= 75 - 120 MPa (ASTM C170); Modulus of Rupture >= 8.0 - 15.0 MPa (ASTM C99)

Modern diamond wire-saw extraction reduces micro-fracturing in dimension stone blocks compared to traditional blasting. Consignments require physical inspection and test validation.

Kommerzielle Beschaffung

Rohstoffdossier

Salt, Stone & Construction MaterialsOnyx (Banded Aragonite & Travertine)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Banded Aragonite / Calcite (CaCO3)

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Balochistan: Chagai District (Mashki Chah, Zeh, Padag, Taftan)

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (Color Grading, Translucency & Soundness)

Dark Green, Medium Green, Light Green, Multi-Green, White Onyx; high optical translucency under backlighting

A trade or market name does not automatically prove geological origin. Translucency and green color saturation vary naturally across short quarry distances.

Kommerzielle Beschaffung

Rohstoffdossier

Salt, Stone & Construction Materials

Granite (Structural & Architectural)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Quartz-Feldspar-Biotite Plutonic Rock

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Mansehra (Himalayan Granites), Swat, Buner plutons

Sindh: Nagar Parkar (Proterozoic basement granite suite — subject to environmental restrictions)

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (Compressive Strength & Abrasion Resistance)

Compressive Strength >= 130 - 180 MPa (ASTM C170); Flexural Strength >= 10.0 - 18.0 MPa (ASTM C880)

Environmental Safeguard: Nagar Parkar's Karunjhar Hills are subject to judicial and governmental quarrying prohibitions due to wildlife sanctuary and religious heritage protections. Enigma Earth does not source or trade granite originating from prohibited Karunjhar preservation zones.

Kommerzielle Beschaffung

Kategoriedetails

Salt, Stone & Construction MaterialsLimestone (Industrial, Cement & Aggregate)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Punjab: Salt Range & Margalla Hills (Margalla Hill, Samana Suk, Sakesar formations)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Nowshera, Hattar, Kohat, and Nizampur quarry belts

Sindh: Thatta, Jamshoro, and Rohri Eocene marine limestone formations

Balochistan: Lasbela, Bolan, and Quetta Jurassic to Eocene carbonate platforms

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) & Magnesium Oxide (MgO))

Industrial / Chemical Grade: CaCO3 >= 95.0% - 98.0%; Cement Raw Meal: CaCO3 >= 80.0% - 88.0% (CaO >= 45.0% - 50.0%)

Limestone deposits in Pakistan are vast and commercially active nationwide. Material suitability depends strictly on the application: cement clinkers require stringent MgO limits (< 3.0%), industrial lime requires high CaCO3 (> 95%), and concrete aggregates demand low LA abrasion and zero alkali-silica reactivity (ASR).

Kommerzielle Beschaffung

Rohstoffdossier

Salt, Stone & Construction Materials

Construction Aggregates, Sand & Gravel

[P]Official Production Evidence

Crushed Limestone, Quartzite, River Gravel & Sand

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Punjab: Margalla Hills (crushed limestone), Salt Range quarries, Chenab river sand

Sindh: Hub and Jamshoro gravel pits, Rohri crushed limestone

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Nowshera, Hattar, and Nizampur crushing complexes

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (Los Angeles Abrasion & Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV))

Los Angeles Abrasion Loss <= 25.0% - 30.0% (ASTM C131); ACV <= 22.0%; Soundness Loss (Na2SO4) <= 12.0%

Aggregate supply is strictly localized by logistics economics. Long-distance transport is economically viable only for specialized railway ballast or high-specification offshore engineering projects.

Kommerzielle Beschaffung

Kategoriedetails

Salt, Stone & Construction Materials

Lake & Solar Marine Salt

[P]Official Production Evidence

Sodium Chloride (NaCl) & Brine Evaporite

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Sindh: Coastal salt pans (Korangi, Port Qasim, Siranda Lake, Tharparkar playas)

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (NaCl Purity (Dry Basis))

Industrial Tanning Grade: NaCl >= 96.0% - 97.5%; Raw Solar Crystals: NaCl >= 94.0%

Marine solar salt is subject to seasonal weather variations. Monsoon rainfall halts solar crystallizer beds between July and September.

Kommerzielle Beschaffung

Kategoriedetails

Gemstones & Mineral SpecimensSwat Emerald (Beryl: Be3Al2Si6O18:Cr)

[S]Recovered Gemstone / Specimen

Beryl colored by Chromium and Vanadium

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Swat Valley (Mingora, Shamozai, Gujjar Killi, Charbagh ophiolite suture)

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (Color Saturation, Clarity & Treatment Verification)

Intense vivid green ('Swat Green') with high chromium luminescence; untreated (no oil / minor cedarwood oil only)

Mining in the Mingora emerald belt is strictly managed by provincial concession authorities and authorized auctions. Unauthorized private claims or guaranteed parcel yields are fraudulent.

Kommerzielle Beschaffung

Rohstoffdossier

Gemstones & Mineral SpecimensAquamarine & Heliodor (Pegmatitic Beryl)

[S]Recovered Gemstone / Specimen

Beryl colored by divalent/trivalent Iron (Fe2+/Fe3+)

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Gilgit-Baltistan: Shigar Valley (Dassu, Nyet, Bulechi), Haramosh, Shengus, Nagar

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Chitral (Lutkho, Garam Chashma pegmatites)

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (Crystal Termination, Luster & Transparency)

Eye-clean to loupe-clean transparency; natural undamaged hexagonal pinacoid or pyramidal terminations

Pegmatitic pocket mining is highly seasonal (May to October due to high-altitude Himalayan winter freezes) and intrinsically unpredictable. Stock varies continuously based on recent artisanal pocket strikes.

Kommerzielle Beschaffung

Rohstoffdossier

Gemstones & Mineral SpecimensTopaz (Katlang Imperial Pink & Northern Sherry)

[S]Recovered Gemstone / Specimen

Al2SiO4(F,OH)2

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Katlang (Mardan district — rare hydrothermal natural pink topaz in calcite)

Gilgit-Baltistan: Dassu and Shigar (golden/sherry pegmatitic topaz), Shengus

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (Natural Color Origin (Untreated) & Clarity)

Untreated natural pink / violet-pink (chromium-activated, non-irradiated); VS to VVS clarity

Katlang natural pink topaz is one of the rarest gem varieties on earth. Total annual recovery is minimal and artisanal. Any claims of large bulk commercial stock are false.

Kommerzielle Beschaffung

Rohstoffdossier

Gemstones & Mineral SpecimensRuby (Neelum Valley & Hunza Corundum)

[S]Recovered Gemstone / Specimen

Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3:Cr / Al2O3:Fe,Ti)

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Azad Jammu & Kashmir: Neelum Valley (Nangimali, Chitta Katha marble belt)

Gilgit-Baltistan: Hunza Valley (Aliabad, Ganesh marble-hosted ruby and sapphire)

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (Natural Color, Origin Verification & Treatment Status)

Naturally unheated (no thermal alteration, no lead-glass or flux filling)

Zero Commercial Active Production Disclaimer: Neelum Valley ruby operations are currently non-industrial with no active corporate mine concessions yielding continuous commercial supply. Claims of guaranteed continuous supply are prohibited.

Vorbehaltlich Analyse / Lizenz

Rohstoffdossier

Gemstones & Mineral Specimens

Peridot (Gem Olivine / Forsterite)

[S]Recovered Gemstone / Specimen

Magnesium Iron Silicate ((Mg,Fe)2SiO4)

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Kohistan (Spapat, Sapat Gali, Upper Jijal ultramafic complex)

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (Size, Color Uniformity & Cleanliness)

Rich vibrant green with moderate iron saturation (Fo88-Fo92); eye-clean clarity

Sapat peridot deposits are located at extreme high altitudes (>4,200 m) with extraction limited strictly to 2 - 3 summer months by local artisanal miners.

Kommerzielle Beschaffung

Kategoriedetails

Gemstones & Mineral Specimens

Tourmaline, Garnet & Spinel Group

[S]Recovered Gemstone / Specimen

Complex Borosilicates, Orthosilicates & Oxides

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Gilgit-Baltistan: Stak Nala, Haramosh, Hunza (spinel), and Shigar (spessartine garnet)

Balochistan: Muslim Bagh (rare green demantoid garnet in serpentinite)

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (Hue Saturation, Brilliance & Crystal Perfection)

Natural unheated gems; undamaged pyramidal or rhombohedral terminations on crystal specimens

Specimen recovery is artisanal and episodic. Enigma Earth qualifies individual parcels on hand; claims of industrial-scale recurring supply are technically unfounded.

Kommerzielle Beschaffung

Kategoriedetails

Gemstones & Mineral Specimens

Specialist Mineral Specimens (Rare Pegmatites)

[A]Associated / Research Occurrence

Pollucite, Columbite-Tantalite, Cassiterite, Beryllonite, Väyrynenite, Brookite

Bestätigte Lagerstättenzonen:

Gilgit-Baltistan: Shengus, Shigar, Nyet, Roundu rare-element pegmatite fields

Balochistan: Kharan and Ziarat (brookite on quartz crystal specimens)

Beispiel-Käuferspezifikation (Crystallographic Perfection, Scarcity & Aesthetic Presentation)

Complete, pristine crystal morphology on original host rock matrix; zero repair or glue reconstruction (or fully disclosed conservation)

CRITICAL GOVERNANCE NOTICE: Rare minerals such as pollucite (cesium ore) or columbite-tantalite recovered in Northern Pakistan occur as localized pegmatite crystals and specimen samples. They do NOT constitute commercial mining production of critical battery or tech metals in Pakistan.

Vorbehaltlich Analyse / Lizenz

Kategoriedetails

REGIONALER ROHSTOFFKONTEXT

Regionale Rohstoffzonen der Provinzen

Bergbaulizenzen in Pakistan unterliegen dem jeweiligen Bergrecht der Provinzen. Erkunden Sie regionale Geologie, Katastervorschriften und Infrastrukturrouten.

Standort-Hub ansehen

Belutschistan

Chagai-Magmabogen und Muslim Bagh-Ophiolith

Wichtige Minerale: Kupfer, Chromit, Eisenerz, Baryt, Flussspat

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Indus-Sutur und Metamorphitzonen des Niederen Himalayas

Wichtige Minerale: Marmor, Smaragd, Talk, Magnesit, Phosphat

Gilgit-Baltistan

Karakorum-Komplex und Pegmatitfelder

Wichtige Minerale: Aquamarin, Topas, Turmalin, Korund

Punjab

Salt Range-Evaporite und Vorlandbecken

Wichtige Minerale: Steinsalz, Gips, Quarzsand, Bentonit

Sindh

Indus-Sedimentbecken und Nagar Parkar-Grundgebirge

Wichtige Minerale: Kaolin, Seesalz, Coelestin, Bauzuschläge

Azad Jammu & Kaschmir

Metamorphe Karbonathorizonte und Syntaxialzonen

Wichtige Minerale: Marmor, Bentonit, Bauxit, historischer Rubin

RELEVANTE TECHNISCHE DIENSTE

Technische Dienstleistungen & Lieferkettenintegration

Enigma Earth schließt die Lücke zwischen geologischen In-situ-Vorkommen und zertifizierten internationalen Handelsspezifikationen.

Mineralexploration & Kernbohrung

Systematische Diamantbohrungen, geochemische Rasterbeprobung und 3D-Lagerstättenmodellierung nach JORC/NI 43-101.

Explorationsdienste

Rohstoffhandel & Qualitätsanalyse

Unabhängige Mischprobennahme, zertifizierte Laboranalytik (SGS / Alex Stewart), TML-Feuchtigkeitsprüfung und Exportüberwachung.

Handel & Export

Konzessionskataster & Due Diligence

Prüfung der DGMM-Bergbautitel, Titelschutzprüfung, umweltrechtliche Audits und Strukturierung von Joint Ventures.

Konzessionsberatung

TECHNISCHE BERATUNG & BESCHAFFUNG

Starten Sie eine Rohstoffbeschaffung oder geologische Prüfung

Enigma Earth unterstützt institutionelle Käufer, Minenbetreiber und Explorationspartner mit qualifizierten Gutachten, Laborprüfungen und Logistikbegleitung in Pakistan.

Beschaffungsanfrage stellen Regionale Lizenzen einsehen

Regel-27-Grundsatz: Alle Anfragen werden ausnahmslos auf Basis primärer Laborzertifikate, Wiegekarten und amtlicher Bergbautitel geprüft.

Information source: Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP), provinzielle DGMM-Register und Enigma Earth Prüfstandards• Last reviewed 18. September 2026