مواد معدنی و کانی‌های پاکستان

High-grade industrial minerals including white barite, cosmetic talc, and gypsum

صنعتی و غیرفلزی

10 رکوردهای مستندثبت دسته

گروه ۰۲ • مواد غیرفلزی و فنی

مواد معدنی صنعتی

باریت حفاری، تالک با روشنایی بالا، گچ، منیزیت، فلوئوریت، فسفات، ماسه سیلیسی و رس‌های تخصصی.

مواد اصلی:

باریتتالک / سنگ صابونگچمنیزیتفلوئوریت

کمربند چین‌خورده محوری، نمک‌رشته و کمربندهای دگرگونی

Polished dimension stones, onyx, and pink rock salt crystals from Pakistan

نمک و سنگ ساختمانی

7 رکوردهای مستندثبت دسته

گروه ۰۳ • نمک، مرمر و مصالح ساختمانی

نمک، سنگ و مصالح ساختمانی

رسوبات هالیت کهن نمک‌رشته، مرمرهای باکیفیت، انیکس چاغی، گرانیت و سنگدانه‌های استاندارد زیرساخت.

مواد اصلی:

نمک سنگ (صورتی/سفید)مرمر و انیکسگرانیتسنگدانه ساختمانی

تبخیری‌های نمک‌رشته و مناطق سنگ‌های دگرگونی

Gemstone crystals on natural matrix including Swat emerald and Shigar aquamarine

سنگ‌های قیمتی و نمونه‌ها

7 رکوردهای مستندثبت دسته

گروه ۰۴ • بلورها و نمونه‌های گوهرشناسی

سنگ‌های قیمتی و نمونه‌های معدنی

زمردهای سوات، آکوامارین‌های گلگت بلتستان، توپاز صورتی کاتلانگ، پریدوت و نمونه‌های بلوری نادر با اصالت تاییدشده.

مواد اصلی:

زمرد سواتآکوامارینتوپاز صورتی کاتلانگیاقوت / سفایرنمونه‌های بلوری خاص

منطقه درز سند و میدان‌های پگماتیتی قره‌قروم هیمالیا

راهنمای شواهد

درک سیستم شواهد معدنی

انیگما ارث هر رخداد معدنی را بر اساس کد مستند مشخص طبقه‌بندی می‌کند. استخراج تاریخی یا نمونه‌های دستی هرگز با تولید تجاری فعال اشتباه گرفته نمی‌شوند.

کد	برچسب رسمی تاییدشده	مفهوم شواهد	حدود ادعای تجاری
[P]	شواهد تولید رسمی	ماده دارای گزارش‌های رسمی تولید از ادارات استانی یا شرکت‌های بهره‌بردار است.	فعال تجاری (مشروط به تایید آنالیز هر محموله)
[H]	شواهد استخراج تاریخی	کانسار دارای سابقه استخراج در گذشته است؛ تولید فعلی نیازمند استعلام پروانه است.	تاریخی / نیازمند راه‌اندازی مجدد
[S]	سنگ قیمتی یا نمونه یافت‌شده	نمونه معدنی یا استخراج محدود بلوری؛ به معنای ظرفیت تولید انبوه صنعتی نیست.	سنتی / محدود به نمونه
[A]	کانی همراه / نمونه پژوهشی	فاز کانی‌شناسی شناسایی‌شده در همراهی با سنگ معدن اصلی؛ دارای ارزش پژوهشی یا موزه‌ای.	غیر انبوه / پژوهشی و نمونه
[O]	هدف اکتشافی / فرصت	رخداد سطحی یا ناهنجاری ژئوشیمیایی که نیازمند حفاری سیستماتیک و ارزیابی است.	هدف اکتشافی (موجودی آماده نیست)

اصول حکمرانی انیگما ارث و حدود ادعاهای عملیاتی

رخدادهای معدنی یا معادن تاریخی هرگز به معنای ذخایر اثبات‌شده تجاری یا کالای آماده بارگیری نیستند. طبق قوانین انیگما ارث، هر پیشنهاد تجاری نیازمند آزمایشگاه معتبر (SGS یا Alex Stewart) و پروانه معتبر است.

قاعده ۲۲: رخداد زمین‌شناسی ≠ تولید تجاری•قاعده ۲۴: تک‌نمونه ≠ تامین انبوه•قاعده ۲۷: فقط ادعاهای مستند به شواهد

جستجو در فهرست

مشاهده فهرست مواد معدنی ارزیابی‌شده بر پایه شواهد

جستجو در رکوردهای معدنی بر اساس دسته، منطقه و وضعیت شواهد. ثبت در فهرست به معنای موجودی انبار یا امکان تحویل فوری نیست.

نمایش 32 از 32 رکورد مستند ارزیابی‌شده

Metallic MineralsCopper Ore & Concentrates

[P]Official Production Evidence

Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), Bornite (Cu5FeS4), Malachite (Cu2CO3(OH)2)

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Balochistan: Chagai Magmatic Arc (Saindak, Reko Diq belt)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: North Waziristan (Boye, Shinkai copper-bearing volcanics)

هدف کیفی خریدار (Copper Content (Cu))

20.0% to 28.0% Cu in flotation concentrates; run-of-mine direct-shipping ore (DSO) 1.5% - 4.0% Cu where available

Commercial export of copper concentrates requires official clearance and title tracing. Commercial viability requires independent third-party assay (e.g. ALS, SGS, Alfred H Knight). Occurrence does not equal extraction or commercial grade. Major porphyry reserves (such as Reko Diq) are held under state-authorized consortium agreements and are not available for private trade.

تامین تجاری

Metallic MineralsChromite Ore (Metallurgical & Refractory)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Chromite ((Fe,Mg)Cr2O4)

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Balochistan: Muslim Bagh, Khanozai, Bela, and Zhob ophiolite complexes

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Dargai (Malakand) and Kohistan ophiolitic sequences

هدف کیفی خریدار (Chromium Oxide (Cr2O3) & Cr:Fe Ratio)

Typical Buyer Target (Metallurgical): 46.0% - 52.0% Cr2O3 (Cr:Fe typically 2.6:1 to 3.0:1); Medium/Refractory Grade: 38.0% - 44.0% Cr2O3 (Cr:Fe 2.2:1 - 2.6:1). Grade, Cr:Fe ratio, and low silica/phosphorus must be verified per lot.

Chromite metallurgical quality depends on Cr2O3 content, Cr:Fe ratio (typically 2.6:1 to 3.0:1 for metallurgical grade), and low silica/phosphorus, which must be verified per lot. Commercial viability requires independent third-party assay (e.g. ALS, SGS, Alfred H Knight). Occurrence does not equal extraction or commercial grade.

تامین تجاری

Metallic MineralsIron Ore (Magnetite & Sedimentary)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Magnetite (Fe3O4), Hematite (Fe2O3), Chamosite-Goethite (Oolitic)

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Balochistan: Chagai & Ras Koh (Pachinkoh, Chigendik skarn deposits); Dilband (sedimentary)

Punjab: Salt Range & Chichali / Kalabagh (oolitic sedimentary deposits)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Chitral (Dammer Nissar magnetite); Abbottabad (Langrial oolitic)

هدف کیفی خریدار (Total Iron (Fe))

Chagai Skarn Magnetite: 56.0% - 62.0% Fe; Sedimentary Oolitic: 32.0% - 42.0% Fe (requires beneficiation)

Sedimentary deposits in Punjab and Dilband host substantial indicated tonnage but possess refractory metallogeny (high phosphorus and silica). They cannot be marketed as direct-charge blast furnace ore without dedicated beneficiation flowsheets.

تامین تجاری

Metallic MineralsLead Ore & Galena Concentrates

[H]Historical Extraction Evidence

Galena (PbS), Cerussite (PbCO3), Anglesite (PbSO4)

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Balochistan: Lasbela-Khuzdar Metallogenic Belt (Duddar, Gunga, Surmai)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Besham, Kohistan, and Chitral sulfide occurrences

هدف کیفی خریدار (Lead (Pb) & Silver (Ag) Assay)

Flotation concentrate: 55.0% - 68.0% Pb; Direct-shipping ore (DSO): 35.0% - 48.0% Pb where available

Historical extraction at Duddar underground mine is held under specific corporate concessions. Sourcing requires official title tracing, concession documentation, and third-party laboratory verification. Occurrence does not equal extraction or commercial grade.

مشروط به آنالیز / پروانه

Metallic MineralsZinc Ore & Sphalerite Concentrates

[H]Historical Extraction Evidence

Sphalerite ((Zn,Fe)S), Smithsonite (ZnCO3), Hemimorphite

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Balochistan: Lasbela-Khuzdar Belt (Duddar, Gunga, Surmai, Sekran)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Swat, Hazara, and Chitral polymetallic occurrences

هدف کیفی خریدار (Zinc (Zn) & Iron (Fe) Content)

Flotation concentrate: 48.0% - 55.0% Zn; Crude ore / DSO: 25.0% - 38.0% Zn

Zinc deposits in the Lasbela-Khuzdar belt are subject to lease concession verifications and environmental compliance. No direct private spot supply is available without concession validation.

مشروط به آنالیز / پروانه

Metallic MineralsManganese Ore

[P]Official Production Evidence

Pyrolusite (MnO2), Psilomelane, Rhodochrosite (MnCO3)

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Balochistan: Lasbela (Bela Ophiolite Belt, Kharari Nai, Sanjro)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Kurram Agency and North Waziristan volcanic sequences

هدف کیفی خریدار (Manganese (Mn) Content)

Metallurgical Grade: 38.0% - 46.0% Mn; Chemical/Battery Grade: > 48.0% Mn (high Mn:Fe ratio)

Manganese lenses in Bela and Kurram vary abruptly in thickness and grade. Shipments must be tested composite-lot by composite-lot rather than assumed homogeneous.

تامین تجاری

Metallic MineralsAntimony (Stibnite)

[O]Exploration / Occurrence Context

Stibnite (Sb2S3)

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Balochistan: Qila Abdullah (Surkhab valley, Shekran)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Chitral (Krang, Partsan hydrothermal vein belts)

هدف کیفی خریدار (Antimony (Sb) Content)

Hand-sorted crude ore: 45.0% - 58.0% Sb; Flotation concentrate: > 60.0% Sb

Exploration status only. No active commercial bulk production capacity currently operates. Field reports represent artisanal vein diggings and mineralized outcrops requiring systemic diamond drilling.

مشروط به آنالیز / پروانه

Metallic MineralsBauxite & Laterite (Alumina / Cement Feed)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Gibbsite (Al(OH)3), Boehmite (AlO(OH)), Kaolinite, Hematite

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Punjab: Salt Range (Khushab, Kattha, Nilawahan unconformity horizon)

Azad Jammu & Kashmir: Kotli & Muzaffarabad (Palaeocene-Eocene unconformity zones)

Balochistan: Khuzdar and Ziarat (lateritic horizons)

هدف کیفی خریدار (Alumina (Al2O3) and Silica (SiO2))

Refractory Grade: Al2O3 52.0% - 62.0%; Cement Grade: Al2O3 40.0% - 50.0%

Pakistani bauxites are predominantly diaspore-boehmite rich with elevated silica (kaolinite). They do not qualify for conventional low-temperature Bayer process alumina refining without intensive pre-desilication.

تامین تجاری

Industrial MineralsBarite (Barytes / BaSO4)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Barium Sulfate (BaSO4)

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Balochistan: Khuzdar (Gunga, Shekran, Monar Talar massive vein and bedded deposits)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Haripur and Kohistan hydrothermal vein systems

هدف کیفی خریدار (Specific Gravity (SG) & BaSO4 Content)

Example Buyer Specification: Drilling Mud Grade typically requires Specific Gravity >= 4.20 g/cm3 (API 13A Section 7) or >= 4.10 g/cm3 (API Section 8); Chemical Grade: BaSO4 >= 95.0%. Lot-specific testing required.

Where an oilfield application requires an API specification (such as 4.20 or 4.10 g/cm3 specific gravity), the applicable parameters should be confirmed and demonstrated through suitable lot-specific testing. Khuzdar deposits maintain established commercial production with automated grinding mills; specific gravity and rheology must be verified per lot.

تامین تجاری

Industrial MineralsTalc / Soapstone (Steatite)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Hydrated Magnesium Silicate (Mg3Si4O10(OH)2)

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Sherwan (Abbottabad), Safed Koh / Kurram, and Swat dolomitic belts

هدف کیفی خریدار (Whiteness / Brightness (Y-Value) & Chemistry + Mineralogy)

Example Buyer Requirement (Cosmetic/Polymer): ISO Brightness >= 94.0%, Talc purity >= 96.0%; Technical Grade: Brightness 85.0% - 92.0%. Chemistry and mineralogy must be verified by lot.

Asbestos Testing Where Required: For applications where asbestos absence is required, representative material should be tested using an appropriate method and laboratory (e.g., XRD / TEM). Sherwan talc achieves high natural whiteness, but cosmetic and polymer suitability must be verified on a lot-by-lot basis.

تامین تجاری

Industrial MineralsGypsum & Anhydrite

[P]Official Production Evidence

Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O)

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Punjab: Salt Range (Khewra, Dandot, Daud Khel, Mianwali)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Kohat Plateau (Bahadur Khel, Karak bedded sequences)

Balochistan: Sulaiman Range (Barkhan, Kohlu, Spintangi formations)

هدف کیفی خریدار (CaSO4·2H2O Purity)

High Grade Plaster/Industrial: >= 90.0% CaSO4·2H2O; Cement Grade: >= 80.0% - 85.0% CaSO4·2H2O

Gypsum reserves in Punjab and KP are massive and commercially active. The primary commercial variables are logistics distance, purity consistency, and chloride content.

تامین تجاری

Industrial Minerals

Magnesite (Raw & Calcined)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Magnesium Carbonate (MgCO3)

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Kumhar (Abbottabad district, Hazara crystalline magnesite deposit)

Balochistan: Muslim Bagh and Bela ophiolites (cryptocrystalline vein magnesite)

هدف کیفی خریدار (Magnesium Oxide (MgO) Equivalent)

Raw Magnesite: MgO >= 45.0% (LOI ~50%); Dead-Burned Magnesite: MgO >= 90.0% - 94.0%

Kumhar is Pakistan's principal documented crystalline deposit with historical geological reserve estimates. Processing into dead-burned magnesite requires high-temperature rotary kilns (>1750°C), which dictates local beneficiation capacity.

تامین تجاری

Industrial MineralsFluorite (Fluorspar)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Calcium Fluoride (CaF2)

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Balochistan: Koh-i-Maran and Koh-i-Siah (Kalat district); Kharan and Chagai vein deposits

هدف کیفی خریدار (Calcium Fluoride (CaF2))

Metallurgical Grade (Metspar): 70.0% - 85.0% CaF2; Acid Grade (Acidspar): >= 97.0% CaF2

Koh-i-Maran produces high-grade commercial metspar by manual sorting; production of acid-grade (>97% CaF2) requires froth flotation plants capable of separating calcite and silica gangue.

تامین تجاری

Industrial Minerals

Phosphate Rock (Phosphorite)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Fluorapatite / Francolite (Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH))

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Hazara Phosphate Belt (Kakul, Lagarban, Dalola, Tarnawai)

هدف کیفی خریدار (Phosphorus Pentoxide (P2O5))

Direct Run-of-Mine: 24.0% - 28.0% P2O5; Beneficiated Concentrate: 30.0% - 32.0% P2O5

Hazara phosphorites are silicious and dolomitic; commercial utilization in wet-process phosphoric acid requires careful blending or flotation beneficiation to keep MER within plant design tolerances.

تامین تجاری

Industrial MineralsSilica Sand (Industrial Quartz Sand)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Punjab: Salt Range (Datta Formation sandstone: Kalabagh, Makarwal, Mianwali)

Sindh: Tharparkar and Dadu (unconsolidated silica sand dunes and Eocene beds)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Dera Ismail Khan (Pezu) and Mansehra hydrothermal quartz veins

هدف کیفی خریدار (Silica (SiO2) & Iron Oxide (Fe2O3))

Float/Flint Glass Grade: SiO2 >= 99.2%, Fe2O3 <= 0.025%; Container Glass: SiO2 >= 98.5%, Fe2O3 <= 0.08%

Mianwali and Pezu silica sands provide established commercial production for domestic container glass; production of optical or solar cover glass requires high-intensity magnetic separation and acid washing.

تامین تجاری

Industrial MineralsDolomite (Refractory, Glass & Metallurgical Flux)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Calcium Magnesium Carbonate (CaMg(CO3)2)

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Punjab: Salt Range (Paikhel, Dandot, Nilawahan, Mianwali)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Nowshera, Abbottabad, and Haripur dolomitic formations

Balochistan: Kalat and Lasbela Jurassic carbonate belts

هدف کیفی خریدار (Magnesium Oxide (MgO) & Calcium Oxide (CaO))

Refractory / Glass Grade: MgO >= 20.0% - 21.5%, CaO 30.0% - 31.5% (Theoretical pure: 21.8% MgO, 30.4% CaO)

High-purity refractory and glassmaker grades require low iron (Fe2O3 < 0.15%) and minimal acid-insoluble silica. Dolomitic limestone blends must be distinguished by precise XRF stoichiometry from true stoichiometric dolomite.

تامین تجاری

Industrial MineralsBentonite (Sodium-Activated & Calcium Montmorillonite)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Montmorillonite / Smectite ((Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2·nH2O)

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Punjab: Jhelum (Dina, Rohtas volcanogenic ash beds in Siwalik Group)

Azad Jammu & Kashmir: Mirpur and Bhimber (Siwalik bentonite horizons)

Sindh: Tharparkar (Nagar Parkar kaolin) and Khairpur / D.G. Khan (Fuller's earth)

هدف کیفی خریدار (Swelling Index, Viscosity & Montmorillonite Purity)

API Drilling Grade: Suspension properties meeting API 13A (viscometer 600 rpm >= 30, filtrate volume <= 16.0 cm3); Swelling index >= 24 ml/2g

Most natural Pakistani bentonites are calcium-dominated smectites. Achieving API drilling specifications requires sodium activation (soda ash addition during pugging and aging).

تامین تجاری

Industrial MineralsKaolin (China Clay)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Kaolinite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4)

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Sindh: Nagar Parkar (residual deposits on Proterozoic granitic basement)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Shah Dheri (Swat district, hydrothermal alteration of feldspathic rocks)

هدف کیفی خریدار (Al2O3 Content & ISO Brightness)

Ceramic Grade: Al2O3 >= 34.0% - 37.0%, ISO Brightness >= 80.0%; Paper Coating Grade: Brightness >= 86.0%

Nagar Parkar kaolin requires wet beneficiation (hydrocyclone separation, magnetic separation, and bleaching) to remove silica quartz grit and iron staining before reaching paper-coating standards.

تامین تجاری

Salt, Stone & Construction MaterialsRock Salt (Himalayan Pink & White Halite)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Punjab: Salt Range (Khewra, Warcha, Kalabagh, Jatta, Bahadur Khel)

هدف کیفی خریدار (Sodium Chloride (NaCl) & Purity Certification)

Example Buyer Specification: Edible Gourmet Grade typically requires NaCl >= 98.5% - 99.2%; Industrial/De-icing Grade: NaCl >= 95.0% - 97.0%. Purity typically ranges 96–99% NaCl depending on seam and processing; individual lots must be tested for purity, moisture and insolubles.

Export of pink salt from Pakistan is governed by official GI (Geographical Indication) regulations. Rock salt purity typically ranges 96–99% NaCl depending on seam and processing; individual lots must be tested for purity, moisture and insolubles. Claims of health remedies or electromagnetic radiation neutralization are unscientific and strictly avoided.

تامین تجاری

Salt, Stone & Construction MaterialsMarble (Architectural Dimension Stone)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Calcite / Dolomite (CaCO3 / CaMg(CO3)2)

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Mohmand (White Marble), Nowshera (Pink/Ziarat Marble), Buner, Mardan

Balochistan: Lasbela, Khuzdar, Loralai, Ziarat

Azad Jammu & Kashmir: Muzaffarabad crystalline marble belt

هدف کیفی خریدار (Compressive Strength, Water Absorption & Surface Finish)

Compressive Strength >= 75 - 120 MPa (ASTM C170); Modulus of Rupture >= 8.0 - 15.0 MPa (ASTM C99)

Modern diamond wire-saw extraction reduces micro-fracturing in dimension stone blocks compared to traditional blasting. Consignments require physical inspection and test validation.

تامین تجاری

Salt, Stone & Construction MaterialsOnyx (Banded Aragonite & Travertine)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Banded Aragonite / Calcite (CaCO3)

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Balochistan: Chagai District (Mashki Chah, Zeh, Padag, Taftan)

هدف کیفی خریدار (Color Grading, Translucency & Soundness)

Dark Green, Medium Green, Light Green, Multi-Green, White Onyx; high optical translucency under backlighting

A trade or market name does not automatically prove geological origin. Translucency and green color saturation vary naturally across short quarry distances.

تامین تجاری

Salt, Stone & Construction Materials

Granite (Structural & Architectural)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Quartz-Feldspar-Biotite Plutonic Rock

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Mansehra (Himalayan Granites), Swat, Buner plutons

Sindh: Nagar Parkar (Proterozoic basement granite suite — subject to environmental restrictions)

هدف کیفی خریدار (Compressive Strength & Abrasion Resistance)

Compressive Strength >= 130 - 180 MPa (ASTM C170); Flexural Strength >= 10.0 - 18.0 MPa (ASTM C880)

Environmental Safeguard: Nagar Parkar's Karunjhar Hills are subject to judicial and governmental quarrying prohibitions due to wildlife sanctuary and religious heritage protections. Enigma Earth does not source or trade granite originating from prohibited Karunjhar preservation zones.

تامین تجاری

Salt, Stone & Construction MaterialsLimestone (Industrial, Cement & Aggregate)

[P]Official Production Evidence

Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Punjab: Salt Range & Margalla Hills (Margalla Hill, Samana Suk, Sakesar formations)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Nowshera, Hattar, Kohat, and Nizampur quarry belts

Sindh: Thatta, Jamshoro, and Rohri Eocene marine limestone formations

Balochistan: Lasbela, Bolan, and Quetta Jurassic to Eocene carbonate platforms

هدف کیفی خریدار (Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) & Magnesium Oxide (MgO))

Industrial / Chemical Grade: CaCO3 >= 95.0% - 98.0%; Cement Raw Meal: CaCO3 >= 80.0% - 88.0% (CaO >= 45.0% - 50.0%)

Limestone deposits in Pakistan are vast and commercially active nationwide. Material suitability depends strictly on the application: cement clinkers require stringent MgO limits (< 3.0%), industrial lime requires high CaCO3 (> 95%), and concrete aggregates demand low LA abrasion and zero alkali-silica reactivity (ASR).

تامین تجاری

Salt, Stone & Construction Materials

Construction Aggregates, Sand & Gravel

[P]Official Production Evidence

Crushed Limestone, Quartzite, River Gravel & Sand

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Punjab: Margalla Hills (crushed limestone), Salt Range quarries, Chenab river sand

Sindh: Hub and Jamshoro gravel pits, Rohri crushed limestone

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Nowshera, Hattar, and Nizampur crushing complexes

هدف کیفی خریدار (Los Angeles Abrasion & Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV))

Los Angeles Abrasion Loss <= 25.0% - 30.0% (ASTM C131); ACV <= 22.0%; Soundness Loss (Na2SO4) <= 12.0%

Aggregate supply is strictly localized by logistics economics. Long-distance transport is economically viable only for specialized railway ballast or high-specification offshore engineering projects.

تامین تجاری

Salt, Stone & Construction Materials

Lake & Solar Marine Salt

[P]Official Production Evidence

Sodium Chloride (NaCl) & Brine Evaporite

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Sindh: Coastal salt pans (Korangi, Port Qasim, Siranda Lake, Tharparkar playas)

هدف کیفی خریدار (NaCl Purity (Dry Basis))

Industrial Tanning Grade: NaCl >= 96.0% - 97.5%; Raw Solar Crystals: NaCl >= 94.0%

Marine solar salt is subject to seasonal weather variations. Monsoon rainfall halts solar crystallizer beds between July and September.

تامین تجاری

Gemstones & Mineral SpecimensSwat Emerald (Beryl: Be3Al2Si6O18:Cr)

[S]Recovered Gemstone / Specimen

Beryl colored by Chromium and Vanadium

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Swat Valley (Mingora, Shamozai, Gujjar Killi, Charbagh ophiolite suture)

هدف کیفی خریدار (Color Saturation, Clarity & Treatment Verification)

Intense vivid green ('Swat Green') with high chromium luminescence; untreated (no oil / minor cedarwood oil only)

Mining in the Mingora emerald belt is strictly managed by provincial concession authorities and authorized auctions. Unauthorized private claims or guaranteed parcel yields are fraudulent.

تامین تجاری

Gemstones & Mineral SpecimensAquamarine & Heliodor (Pegmatitic Beryl)

[S]Recovered Gemstone / Specimen

Beryl colored by divalent/trivalent Iron (Fe2+/Fe3+)

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Gilgit-Baltistan: Shigar Valley (Dassu, Nyet, Bulechi), Haramosh, Shengus, Nagar

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Chitral (Lutkho, Garam Chashma pegmatites)

هدف کیفی خریدار (Crystal Termination, Luster & Transparency)

Eye-clean to loupe-clean transparency; natural undamaged hexagonal pinacoid or pyramidal terminations

Pegmatitic pocket mining is highly seasonal (May to October due to high-altitude Himalayan winter freezes) and intrinsically unpredictable. Stock varies continuously based on recent artisanal pocket strikes.

تامین تجاری

Gemstones & Mineral SpecimensTopaz (Katlang Imperial Pink & Northern Sherry)

[S]Recovered Gemstone / Specimen

Al2SiO4(F,OH)2

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Katlang (Mardan district — rare hydrothermal natural pink topaz in calcite)

Gilgit-Baltistan: Dassu and Shigar (golden/sherry pegmatitic topaz), Shengus

هدف کیفی خریدار (Natural Color Origin (Untreated) & Clarity)

Untreated natural pink / violet-pink (chromium-activated, non-irradiated); VS to VVS clarity

Katlang natural pink topaz is one of the rarest gem varieties on earth. Total annual recovery is minimal and artisanal. Any claims of large bulk commercial stock are false.

تامین تجاری

Gemstones & Mineral SpecimensRuby (Neelum Valley & Hunza Corundum)

[S]Recovered Gemstone / Specimen

Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3:Cr / Al2O3:Fe,Ti)

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Azad Jammu & Kashmir: Neelum Valley (Nangimali, Chitta Katha marble belt)

Gilgit-Baltistan: Hunza Valley (Aliabad, Ganesh marble-hosted ruby and sapphire)

هدف کیفی خریدار (Natural Color, Origin Verification & Treatment Status)

Naturally unheated (no thermal alteration, no lead-glass or flux filling)

Zero Commercial Active Production Disclaimer: Neelum Valley ruby operations are currently non-industrial with no active corporate mine concessions yielding continuous commercial supply. Claims of guaranteed continuous supply are prohibited.

مشروط به آنالیز / پروانه

Gemstones & Mineral Specimens

Peridot (Gem Olivine / Forsterite)

[S]Recovered Gemstone / Specimen

Magnesium Iron Silicate ((Mg,Fe)2SiO4)

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Kohistan (Spapat, Sapat Gali, Upper Jijal ultramafic complex)

هدف کیفی خریدار (Size, Color Uniformity & Cleanliness)

Rich vibrant green with moderate iron saturation (Fo88-Fo92); eye-clean clarity

Sapat peridot deposits are located at extreme high altitudes (>4,200 m) with extraction limited strictly to 2 - 3 summer months by local artisanal miners.

تامین تجاری

Gemstones & Mineral Specimens

Tourmaline, Garnet & Spinel Group

[S]Recovered Gemstone / Specimen

Complex Borosilicates, Orthosilicates & Oxides

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Gilgit-Baltistan: Stak Nala, Haramosh, Hunza (spinel), and Shigar (spessartine garnet)

Balochistan: Muslim Bagh (rare green demantoid garnet in serpentinite)

هدف کیفی خریدار (Hue Saturation, Brilliance & Crystal Perfection)

Natural unheated gems; undamaged pyramidal or rhombohedral terminations on crystal specimens

Specimen recovery is artisanal and episodic. Enigma Earth qualifies individual parcels on hand; claims of industrial-scale recurring supply are technically unfounded.

تامین تجاری

Gemstones & Mineral Specimens

Specialist Mineral Specimens (Rare Pegmatites)

[A]Associated / Research Occurrence

Pollucite, Columbite-Tantalite, Cassiterite, Beryllonite, Väyrynenite, Brookite

کمربندهای استانی تاییدشده:

Gilgit-Baltistan: Shengus, Shigar, Nyet, Roundu rare-element pegmatite fields

Balochistan: Kharan and Ziarat (brookite on quartz crystal specimens)

هدف کیفی خریدار (Crystallographic Perfection, Scarcity & Aesthetic Presentation)

Complete, pristine crystal morphology on original host rock matrix; zero repair or glue reconstruction (or fully disclosed conservation)

CRITICAL GOVERNANCE NOTICE: Rare minerals such as pollucite (cesium ore) or columbite-tantalite recovered in Northern Pakistan occur as localized pegmatite crystals and specimen samples. They do NOT constitute commercial mining production of critical battery or tech metals in Pakistan.

مشروط به آنالیز / پروانه